1、 Reference numberISO 19108:2002(E)ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19108First edition2002-09-01Geographic information Temporal schema Information gographique Schma temporel Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI
2、 Approval: 2/4/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI).All rights reserved.These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO),
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9、 copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reservedISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 2.1 Conformance classes and requirements 1 2.2 Application schemas for data transfer 1 2.3 Ap
10、plication schemas for data with operations 1 2.4 Feature catalogues 1 2.5 Metadata element specifications . 1 2.6 Metadata for data sets 1 3 Normative references 1 4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 2 4.1 Terms and definitions. 2 4.2 Abbreviated terms. 6 5 Conceptual schema for temporal aspe
11、cts of geographic information 6 5.1 Structure of the schema . 6 5.2 Geometry of time. 7 5.2.1 Time as a dimension. 7 5.2.2 Temporal objects. 7 5.2.3 Temporal geometric primitives 8 5.2.4 Temporal topological objects 13 5.3 Temporal reference systems . 16 5.3.1 Types of temporal reference systems. 16
12、 5.3.2 Calendars and clocks . 17 5.3.3 Temporal coordinate systems . 19 5.3.4 Ordinal temporal reference systems. 20 5.4 Temporal position . 21 5.4.1 Introduction . 21 5.4.2 TM_Position . 21 5.4.3 TM_TemporalPosition. 21 5.4.4 Position referenced to calendar and clock. 23 5.4.5 Position referenced t
13、o a temporal coordinate system 23 5.4.6 Position referenced to an ordinal temporal reference system.24 5.5 Time and components of geographic information 24 5.5.1 Temporal aspects of geographic information components . 24 5.5.2 Temporal feature attributes 25 5.5.3 Temporal feature operations 26 5.5.4
14、 Time and feature associations. 27 5.5.5 Temporal metadata elements. 29 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 31 A.1 Application schemas for data transfer 31 A.2 Application schemas for data with operations 31 A.3 Feature catalogues 31 A.4 Metadata element specifications . 32 A.5 Metadata for data
15、 sets 32 Annex B (informative) Use of time in application schemas . 33 B.1 Temporal feature attributes 33 B.1.1 TM_GeometricPrimitive as a data type . 33 ISO 19108:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reservedB.1.2 TM_GeometricPrimitive as a temporal attribute 33 B.1.3 TM_TopologicalComplex as an attribut
16、e 34 B.1.4 Recurring attribute values 34 B.2 Temporal feature associations 35 B.2.1 Simple temporal associations 35 B.2.2 Feature succession. 36 B.3 Feature associations with temporal characteristics 37 Annex C (normative) Describing temporal reference systems in metadata. 38 C.1 Metadata for tempor
17、al reference systems 38 Annex D (informative) Description of calendars 41 D.1 Internal structure of calendars. 41 D.2 Describing a calendar . 42 D.3 Examples 43 D.3.1 Julian calendar 43 D.3.2 Modern Japanese calendar 44 D.3.3 Ancient Babylonian calendar . 45 D.3.4 Global Positioning System calendar.
18、 47 Bibliography 48 ISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technica
19、l committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely wit
20、h the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Inter
21、national Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Internationa
22、l Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19108 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. Annexes A and C form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B
23、 and D are for information only. ISO 19108:2002(E) vi ISO 2002 All rights reservedIntroduction This International Standard defines the standard concepts needed to describe the temporal characteristics of geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world. Temporal characteristics of g
24、eographic information include feature attributes, feature operations, feature associations, and metadata elements that take a value in the temporal domain. The widespread application of computers and geographic information systems has led to the increased analysis of geospatial data within multiple
25、disciplines. Geographic information is not confined to a three-dimensional spatial domain. Many geographic information systems require data with temporal characteristics. A standardized conceptual schema for temporal characteristics will increase the ability of geographic information to be used for
26、certain types of applications such as simulations and predictive modelling. As a fundamental physical reality, time is of interest to the whole range of scientific and technical disciplines. Many of the concepts described in this International Standard are applicable outside of the field of geograph
27、ic information. ISO/TC 211 does not intend to develop independent standards for the description of time, but the technical committee believes that it is necessary to standardize the way to describe the temporal characteristics of geographic data sets and features. Geographic information system and s
28、oftware developers and users of geographic information will use this schema to provide consistently understandable temporal data structures. Historically, temporal characteristics of features have been treated as thematic feature attributes. For example, a feature “Building“ may have an attribute “d
29、ate of construction“. However, there is increasing interest in describing the behaviour of features as a function of time. This can be supported to a limited extent when time is treated independently of space. For example, the path followed by a moving object can be represented as a set of features
30、called “way point“, each of which is represented as a point and has an attribute that provides the time at which the object was at that spatial position. Behaviour in time may be described more easily if the temporal dimension is combined with the spatial dimensions, so that a feature can be represe
31、nted as a spatiotemporal object. For example, the path of a moving object could be represented as a curve described by coordinates in x, y and t. This International Standard has been prepared in order to standardize the use of time in feature attributes. Although it does not describe feature geometr
32、y in terms of a combination of spatial and temporal coordinates, it has been written to establish a basis for doing so in a future standard within the ISO 19100 series. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Temporal schema 1 Scope This Internat
33、ional Standard defines concepts for describing temporal characteristics of geographic information. It depends upon existing information technology standards for the interchange of temporal information. It provides a basis for defining temporal feature attributes, feature operations, and feature asso
34、ciations, and for defining the temporal aspects of metadata about geographic information. Since this International Standard is concerned with the temporal characteristics of geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world, it emphasizes valid time rather than transaction time. 2 Co
35、nformance 2.1 Conformance classes and requirements This International Standard defines five conformance classes, which depend upon the nature of the test item. 2.2 Application schemas for data transfer To conform to this International Standard, an application schema for data transfer shall satisfy t
36、he requirements of A.1 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.3 Application schemas for data with operations To conform to this International Standard, an application schema that supports operations on data shall satisfy the requirements of A.2 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.4 Feature ca
37、talogues To conform to this International Standard, a feature catalogue shall satisfy the requirements of A.3 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.5 Metadata element specifications To conform to this International Standard, a metadata specification shall satisfy the requirements of A.4 of the Ab
38、stract Test Suite in annex A. 2.6 Metadata for data sets To conform to this International Standard, metadata for a data set shall satisfy the requirements of A.5 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 3 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through referenc
39、e in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these ISO 19108:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reservedpublications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encou
40、raged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 31
41、-1:1992, Quantities and units Part 1: Space and time ISO 1000:1992, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units ISO 8601:2000, Data elements and interchange formats Information interchange Representation of dates and times ISO/IEC 11404:1996, Information te
42、chnology Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces Language-independent data types ISO/TS 19103:1), Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO 19107:1), Geographic information Spatial schema ISO 19109:1), Geographic information Rules for application schema I
43、SO 19110:1), Geographic information Methodology for feature cataloguing ISO 19111:1), Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates ISO 19115:1), Geographic information Metadata 4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 4.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International St
44、andard, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1.1 calendar discrete temporal reference system that provides a basis for defining temporal position to a resolution of one day 4.1.2 calendar era sequence of periods of one of the types used in a calendar, counted from a specified event 4.1.3 UTC
45、 Coordinated Universal Time time scale maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) and the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) that forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination of standard frequencies and time signals ITU-R Rec
46、.TF.686-1 (1997) 4.1.4 day period having a duration nominally equivalent to the periodic time of the Earths rotation around its axis 1) To be published. ISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 34.1.5 edge one-dimensional topological primitive ISO 19107 NOTE The geometric realization of an edg
47、e is a curve. The boundary of an edge is the set of one or two nodes associated to the edge within a topological complex. 4.1.6 event action which occurs at an instant 4.1.7 feature abstraction of real world phenomena ISO 19101 NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or featu
48、re instance should be used when only one is meant. 4.1.8 feature association relationship between features ISO 19109 NOTE 1 A feature association may occur as a type or an instance. Feature association type or feature association instance is used when only one is meant. NOTE 2 Feature associations i
49、nclude aggregation of features. 4.1.9 feature attribute characteristic of a feature Adapted from ISO 19110 NOTE A feature attribute has a name, a data type, and a value domain associated to it. 4.1.10 feature division feature succession in which a previously existing feature is replaced by two or more distinct feature instances of the same feature type EXAMPLE An instance of the feature type “land parcel” is replaced by two instances of the same type when the parcel is legally subdivided. 4.1.11 feature fus
