1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 12/30/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council
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3、his publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, withoutthe prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.Printed in the United States of AmericaReference numberISO
4、 19111:2003(E)ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19111First edition2003-02-15Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates Information gographique Systme de rfrences spatiales par coordonnes ISO 19111:2003(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with
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9、l. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reservedISO 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance requirements . 1 3 Normative references . 1 4
10、Terms and definitions. 1 5 Conventions 5 5.1 Symbols and abbreviated terms 5 5.2 UML notation . 6 6 Definition of the conceptual schema for coordinate reference systems 7 6.1 Introduction . 7 6.2 Coordinate reference system. 7 6.2.1 Type of coordinate reference system . 7 6.2.2 Single coordinate ref
11、erence system . 8 6.2.3 Compound coordinate reference system. 8 6.3 Datum . 9 6.3.1 Types of datums 9 6.3.2 Datum description. 10 6.3.3 Prime meridian 10 6.3.4 Ellipsoid . 11 6.4 Coordinate system 11 6.5 Coordinate operation coordinate conversion and coordinate transformation 12 6.5.1 General. 12 6.
12、5.2 Coordinate conversion (including map projection) 13 6.5.3 Coordinate transformation. 14 6.5.4 Requirements for describing a coordinate operation. 14 6.5.5 Concatenated coordinate operation . 16 6.6 Citations. 17 6.7 Accuracy and precision of coordinates, coordinate operations, and parameters. 18
13、 6.8 Attributes to describe a coordinate reference system 19 Annex A (normative) Conformance 22 Annex B (normative) UML schemas . 24 Annex C (informative) Decision trees. 27 Annex D (informative) Geodetic relationships. 29 Annex E (informative) Examples. 35 ISO 19111:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights r
14、eservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for wh
15、ich a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
16、matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are ci
17、rculated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held respo
18、nsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19111 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. ISO 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction Geographic information contains spatial references which relate the features represented in t
19、he data to positions in the real world. Spatial references fall into two categories: those using coordinates; those based on geographic identifiers. This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by coordinates. Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers is the subject of ISO 191
20、12, Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. Coordinates are unambiguous only when the coordinate reference system to which those coordinates are related has been fully defined. A coordinate reference system is a coordinate system which has a reference to the Earth. This
21、 International Standard describes the elements that are necessary to define fully various types of coordinate systems and coordinate reference systems applicable to geographic information. The subset of elements required is partially dependent upon the type of coordinates. This International Standar
22、d also includes optional fields to allow for the inclusion of non-essential coordinate reference system information. The elements are intended to be both machine and human readable. A set of coordinates on the same coordinate reference system requires one coordinate reference system description. In
23、addition to describing a coordinate reference system, this International Standard provides for the description of a coordinate transformation or coordinate conversion between two different coordinate reference systems. With such information, geographic data referred to different coordinate reference
24、 systems can be merged together for integrated manipulation. Alternatively, an audit trail of coordinate reference system manipulations can be maintained. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates 1 Scope This Int
25、ernational Standard defines the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define one-, two- and three-dimensional coordinate reference systems. It allows additional descriptive information to be provided. It also describes
26、the information required to change coordinate values from one coordinate reference system to another. This International Standard is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, its principles can be extended to many other forms o
27、f geographic data such as maps, charts, and text documents. 2 Conformance requirements This International Standard defines two classes of conformance, Class A for conformance of coordinate reference systems and Class B for coordinate operations between two coordinate reference systems. Any coordinat
28、e reference system claiming conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy the requirements given in Annex A, Clause A.1. Any coordinate operation claiming conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy the requirements given in Annex A, Clause A.2. 3 Normative references The fol
29、lowing referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1000, SI units and recommendations for use of their
30、multiples and of certain other units ISO/TS 19103:1), Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO 19113:2002, Geographic information Quality principles ISO 19114:1), Geographic information Quality evaluation procedures 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the followin
31、g terms and definitions apply. 4.1 Cartesian coordinate system coordinate system which gives the position of points relative to n mutually perpendicular axes 1)To be published.ISO 19111:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reservedNOTE n is 1, 2 or 3 for the purposes of this International Standard. 4.2 com
32、pound coordinate reference system coordinate reference system using two other independent coordinate reference systems to describe a position EXAMPLE One coordinate reference system based on a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system and the other coordinate reference system based on a gravity-re
33、lated height system. 4.3 coordinate one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional space NOTE 1 In a coordinate reference system, the numbers must be qualified by units. NOTE 2 A coordinate operation is performed on coordinates in a source system resulting in coo
34、rdinates in a target system. 4.4 coordinate conversion change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one relationship, from one coordinate system to another based on the same datum EXAMPLE Between geodetic and Cartesian coordinate systems or between geodetic coordinates and projected coordinates, or chan
35、ge of units such as from radians to degrees or feet to metres. NOTE A coordinate conversion uses parameters which have constant values. 4.5 coordinate operation change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one relationship, from one coordinate reference system to another NOTE Supertype of coordinate tra
36、nsformation and coordinate conversion. 4.6 coordinate reference system coordinate system that is related to the real world by a datum NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, it will be related to the Earth. 4.7 coordinate system set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assig
37、ned to points 4.8 coordinate transformation change of coordinates from one coordinate reference system to another coordinate reference system based on a different datum through a one-to-one relationship NOTE A coordinate transformation uses parameters which are derived empirically by a set of points
38、 with known coordinates in both coordinate reference systems. 4.9 datum parameter or set of parameters that serve as a reference or basis for the calculation of other parameters NOTE A datum defines the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of the axes of a coordinate system. ISO 19
39、111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 34.10 easting E distance in a coordinate system, eastwards (positive) or westwards (negative) from a north-south reference line 4.11 ellipsoid surface formed by the rotation of an ellipse about a main axis NOTE In this International Standard, ellipsoids are a
40、lways oblate, meaning that the axis of rotation is always the minor axis. 4.12 ellipsoidal height geodetic height h distance of a point from the ellipsoid measured along the perpendicular from the ellipsoid to this point positive if upwards or outside of the ellipsoid NOTE Only used as part of a thr
41、ee-dimensional geodetic coordinate system and never on its own. 4.13 engineering datum local datum datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to a local reference NOTE Engineering datum excludes both geodetic and vertical datums. EXAMPLE A system for identifying relative positions with
42、in a few kilometres of the reference point. 4.14 flattening f ratio of the difference between the semi-major (a) and semi-minor axis (b) of an ellipsoid to the semi-major axis: f = (a b)/a NOTE Sometimes inverse flattening 1/f = a/(a b) is given instead; 1/f is also known as reciprocal flattening. 4
43、.15 geodetic coordinate system ellipsoidal coordinate system coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and (in the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height 4.16 geodetic datum datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to the Earth NOTE
44、 In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an ellipsoid definition. 4.17 geodetic latitude ellipsoidal latitude angle from the equatorial plane to the perpendicular to the ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated as positive ISO 19111:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved4.18 geodetic l
45、ongitude ellipsoidal longitude angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian plane of a given point, eastward treated as positive 4.19 geoid level surface which best fits mean sea level either locally or globally NOTE “Level surface” means an equipotential surface of the Earths gravity field w
46、hich is everywhere perpendicular to the direction of gravity. 4.20 gravity-related height H height dependent on the Earths gravity field NOTE In particular, orthometric height or normal height, which are both approximations of the distance of a point above the mean sea level. 4.21 Greenwich meridian
47、 meridian that passes through the position of the Airy Transit Circle at the Royal Observatory Greenwich, United Kingdom NOTE Most geodetic datums use the Greenwich meridian as the prime meridian. Its precise position differs slightly between different datums. 4.22 height h, H distance of a point fr
48、om a chosen reference surface along a line perpendicular to that surface NOTE 1 See ellipsoidal height and gravity-related height. NOTE 2 Height of a point outside the surface treated as positive; negative height is also called depth. 4.23 map projection coordinate conversion from a geodetic coordin
49、ate system to a plane 4.24 mean sea level average level of the surface of the sea over all stages of tide and seasonal variations NOTE Mean sea level in a local context normally means mean sea level for the region calculated from observations at one or more points over a given period of time. Mean sea level in a global context differs from a global geoid by not more than 2 m. 4.25 meridian intersection of an ellipsoid by a plane containing the semi-minor axis of the ellipsoid NOTE This term is often used for the pole
