1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 5/6/2004Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2004 by Information Technology Industry Council (
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4、9112:2003(E)ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19112First edition2003-10-15Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers Information gographique Systme de rfrences spatiales par identificateurs gographiques ISO 19112:2003(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typ
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9、ale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2003 All rights reservedISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 3 Normative ref
10、erences . 1 4 Terms and definitions. 2 5 Notation 2 5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML). 2 5.2 Attribute tables 4 6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers. 4 6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers 4 6.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers 5 6.3
11、 Gazetteers 5 7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers 6 7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers . 6 7.2 Attributes of a location type. 7 8 Requirements for gazetteers 9 8.1 Properties of a gazetteer 9 8.2 Attributes of location inst
12、ance 10 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites 13 Annex B (informative) Example spatial reference system using geographic identifiers 15 Annex C (informative) Examples of gazetteer data. 16 Bibliography . 19 ISO 19112:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organizat
13、ion for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established h
14、as the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Int
15、ernational Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Public
16、ation as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent ri
17、ghts. ISO 19112 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction Geographic information contains geospatial references that relate the features and information represented in the data or text to positions i
18、n geographic space. Spatial references fall into two categories: a) those using coordinates; b) those using geographic identifiers. This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. This type of spatial reference is sometimes called “indirect”. Spatial refere
19、ncing by coordinates is the subject of ISO 19111. Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are not based explicitly on coordinates but on a relationship with a location defined by a geographic feature or features. The relationship of the position to the feature may be as follows: a) co
20、ntainment, where the position is within the geographic feature, for example in a country; b) based on local measurements, where the position is defined relative to a fixed point or points in the geographic feature or features, for example at a given distance along a street from a junction with anoth
21、er street; c) loosely related, where the position has a fuzzy relationship with the geographic feature or features, for example adjacent to a building or between two buildings. The purpose of this International Standard is to specify ways to define and describe systems of spatial references using ge
22、ographic identifiers. However, it only covers the definition and recording of the referencing feature, and does not consider the forms of the relationship of the position relative to that feature. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Spatial r
23、eferencing by geographic identifiers 1 Scope This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the components of a spatial reference system and
24、 defines the essential components of a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is included. This International Standard enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geograph
25、ic identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information. This International Standard is applicable to digital geogr
26、aphic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents. 2 Conformance Two classes of conformance are defined for this International Standard: any spatial reference system for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pa
27、ss all the requirements described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.1. any gazetteer for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the requirements described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.2. The definition of an abstract test suite is given in ISO 19105
28、. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 19105:2000, Geograph
29、ic information Conformance and testing ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information Spatial schema ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information Metadata ISO 19112:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved4 Terms and definitions For the purpo
30、ses of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 feature abstraction of real world phenomena NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or instance shall be used when only one is meant. ISO 19101: 2002 4.2 gazetteer directory of instances of a class or classe
31、s of features containing some information regarding position NOTE The positional information need not be coordinates, but could be descriptive. 4.3 geographic identifier spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies a location EXAMPLE “Spain” is an example of a country name; “SW1P
32、 3AD” is an example of a postcode. 4.4 location identifiable geographic place EXAMPLE “Eiffel Tower”, “Madrid”, “California” 4.5 spatial reference description of position in the real world NOTE This may take the form of a label, code or set of coordinates. 4.6 spatial reference system system for ide
33、ntifying position in the real world 5 Notation 5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML) The diagrams that appear in this document are presented using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) static structure diagram with the ISO Interface Definition Language (IDL) basic type definitions and the UML Object C
34、onstraint Language (OCL) as the conceptual schema language. The UML notations used in this standard are described in Figure 1. ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3Figure 1 UML notation This International Standard defines the following UML packages: SI_Gazetteer; SI_LocationInstance; SI_L
35、ocationType. Reference is made to the following UML packages defined in other International Standards: EX_GeographicExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003; EX_TemporalExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003; CI_ResponsibleParty, defined in Citation in ISO 19115:2003;
36、 GM_Point, defined in the Geometry package in ISO 19107:2003; SC_CRS, defined in ISO 19111:2003. ISO 19112:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved5.2 Attribute tables The tables of attributes that appear in this International Standard show the following elements: element name: a label assigned to the
37、 element; description: the element description; obligation: whether the element shall always be recorded (M), or is optional (O), or is conditional on the stated condition being met (C); maximum occurrence: the number of instances that the element may have, one (1) or many (N); data type: a set of d
38、istinct values representing the element; domain: the values allowed or the use of free text. 6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers 6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers The position of a feature is identified by a spatial reference. Where a geographic identifi
39、er is used as this spatial reference, it uniquely identifies a location. This location is a feature used to reference other features. NOTE The spatial reference of a feature in a geographic dataset is usually held as an attribute of the feature, and defines an association with a location. The relati
40、onship with the location is usually that of containment within. However, more complex spatial references may be constructed using relationships such as “adjacent to” and “distance along” together with a measured distance and direction from the location identified. Reference systems for roads and rai
41、lways are often based on a measured distance from one node (end point or intersection) along a link (road or track). The spatial reference system used in a dataset forms part of the metadata for that dataset, as defined in ISO 19115. These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2, which applies at both
42、the type and instance level. Figure 2 The concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 56.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers comprises a related set of one or
43、more location types, together with their corresponding geographic identifiers. These location types may be related to each other through aggregation or disaggregation, possibly forming a hierarchy. Examples of spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Examp
44、les of spatial reference systems Spatial reference system Location type Geographic identifiers country name countries as defined in ISO 3166-1 country country code set of population centres in a region town town name addresses in a town property property address river basin river basin name river ri
45、ver name hydrological hierarchy river reach river reach reference link node link link code 6.3 Gazetteers A gazetteer is a directory of geographic identifiers describing location instances. It will contain additional information regarding the position of each location instance. It may include a coor
46、dinate reference, but it may also be purely descriptive. If it contains a coordinate reference, this will enable transformation from the spatial reference system using geographic identifiers to the coordinate reference system. If it contains a descriptive reference, this will be a spatial reference
47、using a different spatial reference system with geographic identifiers, for example the postcode of a property. For any location type, there may be more than one gazetteer. The relationships among spatial reference system, location and gazetteer are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 Spatial reference syst
48、em using geographic identifiers ISO 19112:2003(E) 6 ISO 2003 All rights reserved7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers 7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers shall comprise o
49、ne or more location types (which may be related). Each location instance shall be uniquely identified by means of a geographic identifier. A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers shall be minimally described by the following attributes: name; theme; overall owner; territory of use. Details of these elements are shown in Table 2. A UML schema is given in Figure 4, and an example description of a spatial reference system is given in Annex B. Figure 4 UML model
