1、INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 (ISO 19137:2007, IDT) Geographic information Core profile of the spatial schemaINCITS/ISO 19137-2007(ISO 19137:2007, IDT)INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 ii ITIC 2007 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing polic
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4、 ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Sta
5、ndard. Date of ANSI Approval: 9/28/2007 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2007 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardiza
6、tion Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the
7、prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Conforman
8、ce .1 3 Normative references1 4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms .1 5 Geometry packages 1 5.1 Class diagram 1 5.2 Omitted constructs3 5.3 Classes retained without additional constraints .3 5.4 Concrete classes made abstract .3 5.5 Associations 3 5.6 GM_Position.5 5.7 GM_CurveSegment
9、 .5 5.8 GM_CurveInterpolation.5 5.9 GM_SurfaceInterpolation5 5.10 GM_SurfacePatch5 5.11 GM_Polygon.6 5.12 GM_CompositeCurve6 6 Topology packages.6 Annex A (informative) Supported specifications.7 Annex B (normative) Abstract test suite 8 Annex C (informative) Extending the core .9 Annex D (informati
10、ve) Examples .11 Bibliography13 INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 iv ITIC 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out th
11、rough ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collab
12、orates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Stan
13、dards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of
14、 this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19137 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction This Inte
15、rnational Standard provides a core profile of the geometry part of the spatial schema specified in ISO 19107 that is easy to understand and has a low cost of implementation. The profile is intentionally small and limited in order to increase the chance of gaining widespread market acceptance. A simp
16、le topology package extension of the profile might be developed as a future part of this International Standard. Many user communities have requirements that go beyond the capabilities provided by this International Standard, and they may define custom profiles. While ISO 19136 also implements a pro
17、file of ISO 19107, it is a comprehensive profile, not a core profile. This International Standard supports data types for geometric primitives of 0, 1 and 2 dimensions. It satisfies the conformance test A.1.1.3 of ISO 19107:2003. It is in conformance class 1 of ISO 19106. Annex A lists some specific
18、ations that were supported by this International Standard at the time of its publication. Annex B specifies an abstract test suite for determining whether an application schema or profile is conformant to the core profile. Annex C discusses how to extend the core profile. Annex D presents two exampl
19、es. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Core profile of the spatial schema 1 Scope This International Standard defines a core profile of the spatial schema specified in ISO 19107 that specifies, in accordance with ISO 19106, a minima
20、l set of geometric elements necessary for the efficient creation of application schemata. This International Standard supports many of the spatial data formats and description languages already developed and in broad use within several nations or liaison organizations. NOTE Data modelled with this I
21、nternational Standard are consistent with spatial models already developed and used by a number of organizations; see Annex A. 2 Conformance An abstract test suite for this International Standard is given in Annex B. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the
22、 application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information Spatial schema ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information Spatial referenc
23、ing by coordinates 4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the same terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms given in ISO 19107 apply. 5 Geometry packages 5.1 Class diagram Figure 1 depicts the complete profile of ISO 19107. The constraints on
24、ISO 19107 are too many to be shown graphically in Figure 1, but are described in 5.2 to 5.12. This International Standard is limited to applications in which there is a 1:1 mapping between f eatures and geometric primitives, all geometric primitives are referenced to a single coordinate reference sy
25、stem, INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 2 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved all curves are composed of line segments, and all surfaces are composed of planar facets. Figure 1 The complete profile Abstract classes that appear in Figure 1 and are needed to provide compatibility with ISO 19107 are omitted from the sim
26、plified representation in Figure 2. NOTE Abstract classes that are needed for compatibility with ISO 19107 have been omitted. Also, the inheritance relation between GM_Ring and GM_Object is not shown here. INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved 3Figure 2 A simplified, “flattened” view t
27、o the profile for illustrating its structure 5.2 Omitted constructs This International Standard uses no operations or interfaces from ISO 19107. Also, any other constructs from ISO 19107 are omitted in this International Standard unless they are mentioned in 5.3. 5.3 Classes retained without additio
28、nal constraints The following classes are the same as in ISO 19107. Abstract classes: GM_Object (ISO 19107:2003, 6.2.2); GM_Boundary (6.3.2); GM_PrimitiveBoundary (6.3.4); GM_Primitive (6.3.10); GM_OrientablePrimitive (6.3.13); GM_Complex (6.6.2); GM_Composite (6.6.3). Concrete classes: GM_Ring (ISO
29、 19107:2003, 6.3.6), GM_SurfaceBoundary (6.3.7); GM_Point (6.3.11); GM_Curve (6.3.16); GM_Surface (6.3.17); DirectPosition (6.4.1); GM_PointArray (6.4.6); GM_LineString (6.4.10). Like ISO 19107, this International Standard refers to the abstract class SC_CRS, which is defined in ISO 19111. 5.4 Concr
30、ete classes made abstract The following classes are concrete in ISO 19107, but abstract in this profile: GM_OrientableCurve (6.3.14); GM_OrientableSurface (6.3.15); GM_CompositeCurve (6.6.5). 5.5 Associations 5.5.1 Associations retained without additional constraints The following associations are t
31、he same as in ISO 19107: Coordinate Reference System (ISO 19107:2003, 6.2.2.17); association “Composition” between GM_CompositeCurve and GM_OrientableCurve (ISO 19107:2003, Figure 28). INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 4 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved5.5.2 Segmentation between GM_Curve and GM_CurveSegment The as
32、sociation “Segmentation” between GM_Curve and GM_CurveSegment (ISO 19107:2003, 6.3.16.3) is changed as follows: the multiplicity of the “curve” role is restricted from 0,1 to 1, and the multiplicity of the “segment” role is restricted from 1n to 1. Instances of GM_CurveSegment thus cannot exist with
33、out being part of a GM_Curve. GM_CurveSegment:curve1 : Reference (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) 5.5.3 Segmentation between GM_Surface and GM_SurfacePatch The association “Segmentation” between GM_Surface and GM_SurfacePatch (ISO 19107:2003, 6.3.17.3) is changed as follows: the multiplicity of th
34、e “surface” role is restricted from 0,1 to 1. Instances of GM_SurfacePatch thus cannot exist without being part of a GM_Surface. GM_SurfacePatch:surface1 : Reference (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) 5.5.4 DirectPosition:coordinateReferenceSystem The multiplicity of the association role “coordinate
35、ReferenceSystem” of the data type DirectPosition (ISO 19107:2003, 6.4.1.4) is restricted from 0,1 to 0. As a consequence, individual points cannot specify a reference system; this has to be established via GM_Object:CRS. The data in any dataset that conforms to this International Standard shall be i
36、n one and only one coordinate reference system. DirectPosition:coordinateReferenceSystem0 : ISO19111:SC_CRS (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) 5.5.5 GM_SurfaceBoundary:exterior The multiplicity of the association role “exterior” of GM_SurfaceBoundary (ISO 19107:2003, 6.3.7.2) is restricted from 0,1
37、to 1. Thus, all surfaces are required to have an exterior boundary and the “universe face” is not permitted in this International Standard. GM_SurfaceBoundary:exterior1 : GM_Ring (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) 5.5.6 Interior to The multiplicity of the association roles “coincidentSubelement” and
38、 “superElement” of GM_Primitive (ISO 19107:2003, 6.3.10.4, association “Interior to”) is restricted on both ends to 0. Thus, this International Standard excludes GM_Primitives which are coincident with one another. GM_Primitive:coincidentSubelement0 : GM_Primitive (multiplicity restricted from 0n) G
39、M_Primitive:superElement0 : GM_Primitive (multiplicity restricted from 0n) NOTE ISO 19107:2003, Figure 8 calls these association ends “containedPrimitive” and “containingPrimitive,” respectively, although they are called “coincidentSubelement“ and superElement“ in the text of ISO 19107. 5.5.7 Contai
40、ns The multiplicity of the association roles “subComplex” and “superComplex” of GM_Complex (ISO 19107:2003, 6.6.2.3, association “Contains”) is restricted on both ends to 0. Thus, this International Standard excludes GM_Complexes which are coincident with one another. GM_Complex:subComplex0 : GM_Com
41、plex (multiplicity restricted from 0n) GM_Complex:superComplex0 : GM_Complex (multiplicity restricted from 0n) INCITS/ISO 19137-2007 ITIC 2007 All rights reserved 55.5.8 Complex The multiplicities of the association roles “element” and “complex” between GM_Primitive and GM_Complex (ISO 19107:2003, 6
42、.6.2.4, association “Complex”) are restricted to 0. Thus, geometric primitives cannot be part of a complex as complexes exceed the minimal capabilities required by this International Standard. GM_Primitive:complex0 : GM_Complex (multiplicity restricted from 0n) 5.5.9 Composition The multiplicities o
43、f the association roles “generator” and “composite” between GM_Primitive and GM_Composite (ISO 19107:2003, Figure 25, association “Composition”) are restricted to 0. Thus, geometric primitive cannot be part of a composite as composites exceed the minimal capabilities required by this International S
44、tandard. GM_Primitive:composite0 : GM_Composite (multiplicity restricted from 0n) 5.6 GM_Position The data type GM_Position (ISO 19107:2003, 6.4.5) is restricted as follows: the multiplicity of its attribute “direct” is restricted to 1 and the multiplicity of its attribute “indirect” is restricted t
45、o 0. Thus, the data type only allows the identification of a position as a coordinate (the direct variant). The indirect variant is not used. GM_Position:direct1 : DirectPosition (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) GM_Position:indirect0 : GM_PointRef (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) 5.7 GM_CurveSeg
46、ment The multiplicity of the attributes GM_CurveSegment:numDerivativesAtStart, numDerivativesInterior and numDerivativesAtEnd (ISO 19107:2003, 6.4.9.3) is restricted from 0,1 to 0. Thus, only simple continuity within and between adjacent curve segments is described. GM_CurveSegment:numDerivativesAtS
47、tart0 : Integer (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) GM_CurveSegment:numDerivativesInterior0 : Integer (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) GM_CurveSegment:numDerivativesAtEnd0 : Integer (multiplicity restricted from 0,1) 5.8 GM_CurveInterpolation The code list GM_CurveInterpolation (ISO 19107:2003, 6.4
48、.8) is restricted to “linear”. Thus, the interpolation between the points of a curve is restricted to straight lines, excluding all other interpolations, such as geodesic, elliptical, clothoid, etc. 5.9 GM_SurfaceInterpolation The code list GM_SurfaceInterpolation (ISO 19107:2003, 6.4.32) is restric
49、ted to “planar” and “none”. Thus, the interior of a surface is either a plane, or is not specified and hence is defined by the reference surface. 5.10 GM_SurfacePatch The multiplicity of the attribute GM_SurfacePatch:numDerivativesOnBoundary (ISO 19107:2003, 6.4.34.3) is restricted from 0,1 to 0. Thus, only simple continuity at the boundary between adjacent surfaces is described. GM_SurfacePatch:numDerivativesOnBou
