1、 INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 Geographic information Classification systems Part 1: Classification system structure INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited u
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4、 In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 7/20/2010 Published by American N
5、ational Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2010 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commiss
6、ion (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to thi
7、s standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ii ITIC 2010 All rights reserved INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Conformance .1 2.1 Classes .1 2.2 Con
8、formance of a classification system.1 2.3 Conformance of a register of classifiers.1 2.4 Representation of classification results .1 3 Normative references1 4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms2 4.1 Terms and definitions .2 4.2 Abbreviated terms.4 5 Classification systems5 5.1 Concept 5 5.2 Cl
9、assification and legend .7 5.3 Hierarchical versus non-hierarchical systems.8 5.4 A priori and a posteriori classification systems 8 5.5 Structure of classified data 9 5.6 A classification data set .13 6 Management of classifiers .14 6.1 General .14 6.2 Concept dictionary register for a classificati
10、on scheme 15 6.3 Management of classifiers through registration15 6.4 Register structure15 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 24 Annex B (informative) A priori and a posteriori classification systems .26 Bibliography30 INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 iv ITIC 2010 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the In
11、ternational Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee h
12、as been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical
13、 standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodi
14、es for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any
15、or all such patent rights. ISO 19144-1 was prepared jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics under a cooperative agreement between the two organizations. ISO 19144 consists of the following parts
16、, under the general title Geographic information Classification systems: Part 1: Classification system structure The following part is under preparation: Part 2: Land cover classification system (LCCS) INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reserved vIntroduction This part of ISO 19144 is base
17、d on publications of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations 12. The first in a series of International Standards related to geographic classification systems, it defines the structure of such systems, together with the mechanism for defining and registering classifiers. Si
18、nce there are many different possible application areas, there is no single classification system that will serve all needs. The method by which classifiers are defined depends upon the application area. In addition, the classifiers used within a particular application area might not be adequate for
19、 all situations encountered within that application area and could need to be augmented over time. To facilitate extension of the set of classifiers in a particular application area, classifiers are registered in a register structure compliant with ISO 19135. This allows the set of classifiers to be
20、 maintained. The use of the ISO 19135 registration mechanism allows for separate registers to be defined for different sets of classifiers within multiple information communities, thereby satisfying application needs. This approach allows for independence between information communities, but also al
21、lows relationships to be developed between different classification systems that potentially allow the conversion, or partial conversion, of data from one classification system to another, or the fusion of data from two separate sources. The concept of classification systems is well known in the geo
22、graphic information community. A classification system can be used to subdivide any geographic area into small units, each of which carries an identifier that describes its type. The results can then be represented as a discrete coverage as described in ISO 19123. Many such classification systems ca
23、n be defined to address any geographic area. Different application areas and different information communities can define their own classification systems. However, if the classification system is defined in a compatible way, interaction between different information communities becomes possible. In
24、 addition, in a particular application area, it is desirable that there be a few well-established classification systems, and that these themselves be standardized within information communities. This part of ISO 19144 describes the common structure, while subsequent parts will allow for the standar
25、dization of specific classification systems. A coverage is a function that returns values from its range for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain. A discrete coverage is a function that returns the same feature attribute values for every direct position within an
26、y single spatial object, temporal object or spatiotemporal object in its domain. The domain is an area covered by the coverage function, and the discrete coverage breaks that area down into a set of spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal objects. The geometry of the discrete coverage used to represent
27、the results of applying a classification system can be any type of discrete coverage for example, a set of polygons fitted together like a jig-saw puzzle, a set of grid cells, or a set of points or curves. A classification system consists of a set of classifiers. These classifiers may be algorithmic
28、ally defined, or established according to a set of classification system definitions. The classifiers are application-area-dependent and are or will be defined in the other parts of ISO 19144 or other standards or publications. A register allows for the maintenance of a set of classifiers for a part
29、icular application area. A spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal object defined in terms of a set of classifiers is a classified object. There is a commonality between conventional geographic features and classified objects. A feature is defined in ISO 19101 as an abstraction of real world phenomena.
30、An example of a class of feature is a building, and a particular building, e.g. the UN building in New York, is an instance of a feature class. Conventional geographic features are atomic units that are assembled to build one type of geographic information data set. A classification system works in
31、the opposite manner, from the top down, by successively decomposing the whole within a coverage area. Classified objects are features, in that they are an abstraction of a real world phenomena, but classified objects are not atomic, because they are necessarily related to each other by the classifie
32、rs that decompose the whole. In a simple example of a classification system, the earth as a whole can be covered by either “land” or “water”, and two classifiers can be defined partitioning the attribute range into INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 vi ITIC 2010 All rights reservedtwo, identifying objects as b
33、eing either land or water. Any particular area on the earth, corresponding to a classified object, would be of type “land” or “water”. ISO 19135 specifies that a technical standard be required to define the item classes in any conformant register. This part of ISO 19144 defines schemas for registers
34、 conformant to ISO 19135 and serves as the technical standard that defines the item classes required for the registration of classifiers. It establishes a set of rules for specifying definitions that can be used in a particular context to establish classified objects. Registers of classifiers can se
35、rve as sources of reference for similar registers established by other geographic information communities as part of a system of cross-referencing. Cross-referencing between respective items in registers of classifiers might be difficult in cases where the structure of registers differs between info
36、rmation communities. This part of ISO 19144 can serve as a guide for different information communities for the development of compatible registers that can support a system of classifier cross-referencing. The structure of a classification system together with the mechanism of defining and registeri
37、ng classifiers defined in this part of ISO 19144 is general and can be applied to many different information-community-defined classification systems, including soil, landform, vegetation, urbanization and systems for understanding biodiversity and climate change. The use of this document will allow
38、 the relationship between different classification systems to be described. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 ITIC 2010 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Classification systems Part 1: Classification system structure 1 Scope This part of ISO 19144 establishes the structure
39、 of a geographic information classification system, together with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of discrete coverages to represent the result of applying the classification system to a particular area and defines the technical stru
40、cture of a register of classifiers in accordance with ISO 19135. The structure can be used to develop specific classification systems that address particular application areas, specified in other parts of ISO 19144. 2 Conformance 2.1 Classes Three conformance classes are identified in this part of I
41、SO 19144. 2.2 Conformance of a classification system Any classification system for which conformance to this part of ISO 19144 is claimed shall be in accordance with Annex A (see A.2). 2.3 Conformance of a register of classifiers Any register of classifiers for which conformance to this part of ISO
42、19144 is claimed shall be in accordance with Annex A (see A.3) and ISO 19135:2005, A.1. 2.4 Representation of classification results Any legend of classifiers for which conformance to this part of ISO 19144 is claimed shall be in accordance with Annex A (see A.4). 3 Normative references The followin
43、g referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information Conceptual schema l
44、anguage ISO 19110:2005, Geographic information Methodology for feature cataloguing ISO 19115, Geographic information Metadata INCITS/ISO 19144-1-2010 2 ITIC 2010 All rights reservedISO 19123, Geographic information Schema for coverage geometry and functions ISO 19135:2005, Geographic information Pro
45、cedures for item registration 4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and abbreviated terms apply. 4.1 Terms and definitions 4.1.1 a posteriori classification classification (4.1.4) scheme based upon definition of classes after c
46、lustering the field samples collected NOTE 1 Taken from FAO LCCS version 2 (see Reference 2). NOTE 2 See Annex B for an examination of this and a priori classification (4.1.2). 4.1.2 a priori classification classification (4.1.4) scheme structured so that the classes are abstract conceptualizations
47、of the types actually occurring NOTE 1 Taken from FAO LCCS version 2 (see Reference 2). NOTE 2 The approach is based upon the definition of classes before any data collection actually takes place. NOTE 3 See Annex B for an examination of this and a posteriori classification (4.1.1). 4.1.3 classified
48、 object spatial object, temporal object or spatiotemporal object assigned to a specific legend class (4.1.16) 4.1.4 classification abstract representation of real world phenomena using classifiers (4.1.6) 4.1.5 classification system system for assigning objects to classes 4.1.6 classifier definition
49、 used to assign objects to legend classes (4.1.16) NOTE Classifiers can be defined algorithmically or according to a set of classification system (4.1.5) specific rules. 4.1.7 coverage feature (4.1.10) that acts as a function to return values from its range (4.1.17) for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain (4.1.9) ISO 19123:2005 EXAMPLE Raster image, polygon overlay, digital elevation matrix. NO
