1、B CReference numberISO/IEC 10746-1:1998(E)INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC10746-1First edition1998-12-15Information technology Open DistributedProcessing Reference model: OverviewTechnologies de linformation Traitement rparti ouvert Modle derfrence: PrsentationAdopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee
2、for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 8/14/02Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2002 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI).All rights reserved.These materials are
3、 subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council(ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
4、 including an electronic retrieval system, withoutthe prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.Printed in the United States of AmericaISO/IEC 10746-1 : 1998 (E) ISO/IEC 1998All rights reserved. Unles
5、s otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.ISO/IEC Copyright Office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Genve 20 SwitzerlandPrinted i
6、n SwitzerlandiiContentsPage1 Scope and field of application 12 Normative references 12.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards . 12.2 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content . 22.3 International Standards 23 Definitions 23.1 Definitions in this
7、Recommendation | International Standard 23.2 Definitions from other Recommendations | International Standards . 24 Abbreviations 65 Conventions 76 ODP standardization. 76.1 Objectives and motivation. 76.2 Realization. 86.2.1 Object modelling . 86.2.2 Viewpoint specifications .96.2.3 Distribution tra
8、nsparency. 96.2.4 Conformance . 96.3 Standards . 106.3.1 The Reference Model 106.3.2 Specific standards 107 Foundations 107.1 Basic modelling concepts 117.1.1 Objects. 117.1.2 Interfaces and interaction points 117.1.3 Behaviour and state . 127.2 Specification concepts. 127.2.1 Composition/Decomposit
9、ion . 127.2.2 Behavioural compatibility . 137.2.3 Type and class . 137.2.4 Templates 137.2.5 Roles 137.2.6 Base classes and derived classes 147.3 Structuring concepts 147.3.1 Groups and domains 147.3.2 Naming 147.3.3 Contract . 147.3.4 Liaison and binding . 158 Architecture 158.1 Architectural frame
10、work 158.1.1 Viewpoints. 158.1.2 Distribution transparencies 168.2 Enterprise language . 17 ISO/IECISO/IEC 10746-1 : 1998 (E)iii8.3 Information language. 198.4 Computational language 208.4.1 Computational interfaces.218.4.2 Binding model . 218.4.3 Typing and subtyping for computational interfaces. 2
11、38.4.4 Portability 248.5 Engineering language 248.5.1 Clusters, capsules and nodes 258.5.2 Channels 258.5.3 Interface references . 288.5.4 Binding 298.5.5 Channel establishment . 298.5.6 Management interfaces308.5.7 Interceptors 308.5.8 Conformance points. 328.6 Technology language. 328.7 Consistenc
12、y between viewpoints . 328.7.1 Enterprise viewpoint consistency with other viewpoints . 348.7.2 Correspondences between computational and engineering specifications. 358.8 ODP functions . 378.8.1 Management functions.388.8.2 Coordination functions 388.8.3 Repository functions 398.8.4 Security functi
13、ons 398.9 ODP distribution transparencies 408.9.1 Access transparency 408.9.2 Failure transparency 408.9.3 Location transparency 408.9.4 Migration transparency 408.9.5 Persistence transparency 418.9.6 Relocation transparency 418.9.7 Replication transparency .418.9.8 Transaction transparency.419 Conf
14、ormance assessment 419.1 Conformance assessment and the development process 419.2 Conformance assessment: Relevant relationships 429.3 Conformance points and related concepts . 429.4 ODP conformance specifications 439.4.1 Level of abstraction . 439.4.2 Use of multiple reference points 439.5 Conforma
15、nce implications of viewpoint languages . 449.6 Conformance assessment activities 4410 Management of ODP systems. 4410.1 Management domains 4510.2 Management policy . 4510.3 Modelling management structures. 4511 The use of standards in ODP systems. 4611.1 Enterprise viewpoint 4611.1.1 Enterprise spe
16、cification . 4611.1.2 The application of standards4711.2 Information viewpoint . 4711.2.1 Information specification. 4711.2.2 The application of standards4811.3 Computational viewpoint. 4811.3.1 Computational specification 4811.3.2 The application of standards4911.4 Engineering viewpoint. 49ISO/IEC
17、10746-1 : 1998 (E) ISO/IECiv11.4.1 Engineering specification 4911.4.2 The application of standards5111.5 Technology viewpoint . 5111.5.1 Technology specification. 5111.5.2 The application of standards5212 Examples of ODP specifications. 5212.1 Multimedia Conferencing System . 5312.1.1 Introduction .
18、 5312.1.2 Enterprise specification . 5412.1.3 Information specification. 5512.1.4 Computational specification 5512.1.5 Engineering specification 5812.1.6 Technology specification. 6012.2 Multiparty audio/video stream binding 6012.2.1 General description 6012.2.2 Enterprise specification . 6112.2.3 I
19、nformation specification. 6212.2.4 Computational specification 6412.2.5 Engineering specification 6712.2.6 Technology specification. 6812.3 A management example Metric Object 6812.3.1 Enterprise specification . 6912.3.2 Information specification. 7012.3.3 Computational specification 7112.4 Database
20、example 7212.4.1 Enterprise specification . 7212.4.2 Information specification. 7212.4.3 Computational specification 72Annex A Bibliography . 76 ISO/IECISO/IEC 10746-1 : 1998 (E)vForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
21、formthe specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in thedevelopment of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to dealwith particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC t
22、echnical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest.Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in thework.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. D
23、raftInternational Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publicationas an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.International Standard ISO/IEC 10746-1 was prepared by Joint Technical C
24、ommittee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Informationtechnology, Subcommittee SC 33, Distributed application services, in collaboration with ITU-T. The identical text ispublished as ITU-T Recommendation X.901.ISO/IEC 10746 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Open Distribute
25、dProcessing Reference Model: Part 1: Overview Part 2: Foundations Part 3: Architecture Part 4: Architectural semanticsAnnex A of this part of ISO/IEC 10746 is for information only.ISO/IEC 10746-1 : 1998 (E) ISO/IECviIntroductionThe rapid growth of distributed processing has led to a need for a coord
26、inating framework for the standardization ofOpen Distributed Processing (ODP). This Reference Model provides such a framework. It creates an architecture withinwhich support of distribution, interworking and portability can be integrated.The Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing, ITU-T Rec.
27、 X.901 | ISO/IEC 10746-1 to ITU-T Rec. X.904 |ISO/IEC 10746-4, is based on precise concepts derived from current distributed processing developments and, as far aspossible, on the use of formal description techniques for specification of the architecture.The RM-ODP (ISO/IEC 10746) consists of: ITU-T
28、 Rec. X.901 | ISO/IEC 10746-1: Overview: contains a motivational overview of ODP givingscoping, justification and explanation of key concepts, and an outline of the ODP architecture. It containsexplanatory material on how this Reference Model is to be interpreted and applied by its users, who mayinc
29、lude standards writers and architects of ODP systems. It also contains a categorization of required areasof standardization expressed in terms of the reference points for conformance identified in ITU-T Rec.X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3. These common texts are not normative. ITU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 107
30、46-2: Foundations: contains the definition of the concepts and analyticalframework for normalized description of (arbitrary) distributed processing systems. This is only to a levelof detail sufficient to support ITU-T Rec. X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3 and to establish requirements for newspecification te
31、chniques. These common texts are normative. ITU-T Rec. X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3: Architecture: contains the specification of the requiredcharacteristics that qualify distributed processing as open. These are the constraints to which ODPstandards must conform. It uses the descriptive techniques from I
32、TU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2.These common texts are normative. ITU-T Rec. X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746-4: Architectural semantics: contains a normalization of the ODPmodelling concepts defined in ITU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2, clauses 8 and 9. The normalizationis achieved by interpreting each con
33、cept in terms of the constructs of the different standardized formaldescription techniques. These common texts are normative.This Recommendation | International Standard contains one annex.Clause 6 explains the business benefits of open distributed systems, and how the RM-ODP and its associatedODP s
34、tandards will enable corporations to realize these benefits. This clause states the “promises” of ODP plug-and-play building blocks and system integration tools for distributed systems.Clauses 7 to 10 explain what RM-ODP and its distributed functions are about. These clauses justify how RM-ODPsuppor
35、ts the development of plug-and-play building blocks and system integration tools for distributed systems.Clause 11 shows how ODP standards and specifications by other groups can be referenced in an ODP specification of asystem. These relationships are key to ODPs ability to enable integration of dis
36、parate technologies.Clause 12 contains examples that demonstrate the use of RM-ODP and the use of underlying principles to solve businessproblems.ISO/IEC 10746-1 : 1998 (E)ITU-T Rec. X.901 (1997 E) 1INTERNATIONAL STANDARDITU-T RECOMMENDATIONINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OPEN DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING REFERENC
37、E MODEL: OVERVIEW1 Scope and field of applicationThis Recommendation | International Standard: gives an introduction and motivation for ODP; provides an overview of the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) and anexplanation of its key concepts; gives guidance on the application of
38、 the RM-ODP.This Recommendation | International Standard covers both overview and detailed explanation, and can be consulted invarious ways when reading the standards:a) if you intend to read only this Recommendation | International Standard, to gain a general understanding ofthe importance of ODP t
39、o your organization, concentrate on clause 6;b) if you intend to study the whole RM-ODP, you should also read clause 6 before moving on toITU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2 and ITU-T Rec. X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3;c) as you read ITU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2 and ITU-T Rec. X.903 | ISO/IEC 10746-3
40、 you maywish to consult clauses 7 to 10, which give supporting explanation for the various concepts that thesecommon texts define;d) when you have completed a first reading of ITU-T Rec. X.902 | ISO/IEC 10746-2 and ITU-T Rec. X.903 |ISO/IEC 10746-3, read clauses 11 and 12 which discuss the use of st
41、andards in ODP systemspecifications, and provide some examples of applying the ODP concepts in the specification of systems.2 Normative referencesThe following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,constitute provisions of this Recommend
42、ation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicatedwere valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on thisRecommendation | International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most r
43、ecent editionof the Recommendation and International Standard listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currentlyvalid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currentlyvalid ITU-T Recommendations.2.1 Identical Recommendati
44、ons | International Standards ITU-T Recommendation X.200 (1994) | ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology Open SystemsInterconnection Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. ITU-T Recommendation X.207 (1993) | ISO/IEC 9545:1994, Information technology Open SystemsInterconnection Application Laye
45、r structure. ITU-T Recommendation X.720 (1993) | ISO/IEC 10165-1:1993, Information technology Open SystemsInterconnection Structure of management information: Management Information Model.ISO/IEC 10746-1 : 1998 (E)2 ITU-T Rec. X.901 (1997 E) ITU-T Recommendation X.902 (1995) | ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996,
46、Information technology Opendistributed processing Reference Model: Foundations. ITU-T Recommendation X.903 (1995) | ISO/IEC 10746-3:1996, Information technology Opendistributed processing Reference Model: Architecture. ITU-T Recommendation X.904 (1997) | ISO/IEC 10746-4:1998, Information technology
47、Opendistributed processing Reference Model: Architectural semantics.2.2 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content ITU-T Recommendation X.290 (1995), OSI conformance testing methodology and framework forprotocol Recommendations for ITU-T applications General con
48、cepts. ISO/IEC 9646-1:1994, Information technology Open Systems Interconnection Conformance testingmethodology and framework Part 1: General concepts.2.3 International Standards ISO/IEC 11578-21): Information technology Open Systems Interconnection Remote Procedure Call(RPC) Part 2: Interface Defini
49、tion Notation. ISO/IEC TR 10000-1:1995, Information technology Framework and taxonomy of InternationalStandardized Profiles Part 1: General principles and documentation framework.3 Definitions3.1 Definitions in this Recommendation | International StandardThere are no definitions in this Recommendation | International Standard.3.2 Definitions from other Recommendations | International StandardsThis Recommendation | International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec.
