1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 10746-3 First edition 1996-09-l 5 Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Reference Model: Architecture Technologies de /information - Traitement distribu6 ouvert - Mod - identifies the characteristics that qualify systems as ODP systems. It establishes
2、a framework for coordinating the development of existing and future standards for ODP systems and is provided for reference by those standards. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provis
3、ions of this Recommendation I International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation I Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying
4、the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunications Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommend
5、ations I International Standards - ITU-T Recommendation X.200 (1994) I ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection -Basic Reference Model: The Basic Model. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 10 ( 1995) I ISO/IEC 10 18 1 - 1: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Intercon
6、nection - Security frameworks for open systems: Overview. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 11 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10 18 l-2: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Authentication framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.812 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10181-3:1996
7、, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Access control framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.813l) I ISO/IEC 10181-4.), Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Non-repudiation framework. - ITU
8、-T Recommendation X.814 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10181-5:1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Confidentiality framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 15 (1995) I ISO/IEC 1018 l-6: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Secur
9、ity frameworks for open systems: Integrity framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.8 16 (1995) I ISO/IEC 1018 l-7: 1996, Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Security frameworks for open systems: Security audit framework. - ITU-T Recommendation X.902 (1995) I ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996, Inf
10、ormation technology - Open distributed processing - Reference Model: Foundations. l) Presently at the stage of draft. ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) 2.2 Paired Recommendations I International Standards equivalent in technical content - CCITT Recommendation X.800 (1991), Securit
11、y architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCL7 Applications. IS0 7498-211989, Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model - Part 2: Security Architecture. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following
12、 definitions apply. 3.1 Descriptive definitions This Reference Model makes use of the following term defined in ITU-T Rec. X.200 I ISO/IEC 7498- 1: - transfer syntax. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.811 I ISO/IEC 10181-2: - claima
13、nt; - exchange authentication information; - principal; - trusted third party. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.812 I ISO/IEC 10181-3: - access control information; - access decision function; - access enforcement function; - initi
14、ator; - target. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Ret X.813 I ISO/IEC 10181-4: - evidence generator; - evidence user; - evidence verifier; - (non-repudiable data) originator; - (non-repudiable data) recipient; - non-repudiation evidence; -
15、 non-repudiation service requester; - notary. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.814 I ISO/IEC 10181-5: - confidentiality-protected data; - hide; - originator; - recipient; - reveal. 2 ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996
16、 (E) This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.815 I ISO/IEC 10181-6: - integrity-protected data; - originator; - recipient; - shield; - validate. This Recommendation I International Standard makes use of the following terms defined in ITU-
17、T Rec. X.816 I ISOiIEC 10181-7: - alarms collector function; - alarm examiner function; - audit trail examiner function; - audit trail archiver function; - audit recorder function; - audit trail examiner function; - audit trail collector function. This Recommendation I International Standard makes u
18、se of the following terms defined in ISO/IEC 11170-l Key Management Framework: - key generation; - key registration; - key certification; - key deregistration; - key distribution; - key storage; - key archiving; - key deletion. This Reference Model makes use of the terms defined in ITU-T Rec. X.902
19、I ISO/IEC 10746-2 shown in Figure 1. 3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Recommendation I International Standard, the following abbreviations apply: ODP Open Distributed Processing. OS1 Open Systems Interconnection. 4 Framework This Reference Model defines a framework comprising: - five viewp
20、oints, called enterprise, information, computational, engineering and technology which provide a basis for the specification of ODP systems; - a viewpoint language for each viewpoint, defining concepts and rules for specifying ODP systems from the corresponding viewpoint; - specifications of thefunc
21、tions required to support ODP systems; - transparency prescriptions showing how to use the ODP functions to achieve distribution transparency. The architecture for ODP systems and the composition of functions is determined by the combination of the computational language, the engineering language an
22、d the transparency prescriptions. ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) 3 ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) action; activity; architecture: atomicity; behaviour; binding; class; client object; communication; communications management; composition; configuration; conformance point; consumer object; contract; creation;
23、data; decomposition; deletion; distributed processing; distribution transparency; ex domain; entity; environment; error; establishing behaviour; failure; fault; -zx group; identifier; information; initiating object; instance; instantiation; interaction; interchange reference point; interface; interf
24、ace signature; interworking reference point; introduction; invariant; liaison; location in space; location in time; name; naming context; naming domain; notification; object; obligation; ODP standards; ODP system; open distributed processing; perceptual reference point; permission; persistence; poli
25、cy; producer object; programmatic reference point; prohibition; Quality of Service; reference point; refinement; role; server object; spawn action; stability; state; subdomain; subtype; swertype; system; template; term; thread; trading; type; viewpoint. Figure 1 - Terms taken from ITU-T Rec. X.902 I
26、 ISOLIEC 10746-2 4.1 Viewpoints 4.1.1 Concepts 4.1.1.1 Enterprise viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the purpose, scope and policies for that system. 4.1.1.2 Information viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the semantics
27、 of information and information processing. 4.1.1.3 Computational viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment which enables distribution through functional decomposition of the system into objects which interact at interfaces. 4.1.1.4 Engineering viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP syst
28、em and its environment that focuses on the mechanisms and functions required to support distributed interaction between objects in the system. 4.1.1.5 Technology viewpoint: A viewpoint on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the choice of technology in that system. 4.1.2 Using viewpoint
29、s The enterprise, information, computational, engineering and technology viewpoints have been chosen as a necessary and sufficient set to meet the needs of ODP standards. Viewpoints can be applied, at an appropriate level of abstraction, to a complete ODP system, in which case the environment define
30、s the context in which the ODP system operates. Viewpoints can also be applied to individual components of an ODP system, in which case the components environment will include some abstraction of both the systems environment and other system components. NOTE - The process of abstraction might be suc
31、h that the systems environment and the other system components are composed into a single object. 4 ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) ISO/IEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) 4.2 ODP viewpoint languages 4.2.1 Concept 4.2.1.1 language: Definitions of concepts and rules for the specification of an ODP system from the viewp
32、oint; thus: engineering language: definitions of concepts and rules for the specification of an ODP system from the engineering viewpoint. 4.2.2 Using viewpoint languages This Reference Model defines a set of five languages, each corresponding to one of the viewpoints defined in 4.1.1. Each language
33、 is used for the specification of an ODP system from the corresponding viewpoint. These languages are: - the enterprise language (defined in clause 5); - the information language (defined in clause 6); - the computational language (defined in clause 7); - the engineering language (defined in clause
34、8); - the technology language (defined in clause 9). Each language uses concepts taken from ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2, and introduces refinements of those concepts, prescriptive rules and additional viewpoint-specific concepts relevant to the nature of the specifications concerned. These ad
35、ditional concepts are, in turn, defined using concepts from ITU-T Rec. X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2. A system specification comprises one or more viewpoint specifications. These specifications must be mutually consistent. Rules for the consistent structuring of viewpoint specifications are given in claus
36、e 10. The specifier must demonstrate by other means that terms in the specifications are used consistently. A specification of a system using several viewpoint specifications will often restrict implementations more than a specification using fewer viewpoint specifications. Objects identified in one
37、 viewpoint can be specified using the viewpoint language associated with that viewpoint or using the viewpoint languages associated with other viewpoints. It is not necessary to specify an object fully from every viewpoint in order to achieve a mutually consistent set of viewpoint specifications. NO
38、TES 1 The list of terms taken from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 are listed in Figure 1. 2 The qualification of a term from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 by the name of a viewpoint (e.g. as in “computational object”) is interpreted as using of the term from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2,
39、 subject to whatever additional provisions are specified in the identified viewpoint language. 3 The unqualified use of a term from ITU-T Ret X.902 I ISO/IEC 10746-2 in a viewpoint specification (e.g. “interface”) is interpreted as if the term had been qualified by the name of the viewpoint (i.e. “c
40、omputational interface”), if the associated viewpoint language places additional constraints on the term. 4.3 ODP functions 4.3.1 ODP function: A function required to support Open Distributed Processing. 4.3.2 Using ODP functions This Reference Model specifies, in clauses 11 to 15, the functions req
41、uired to achieve Open Distributed Processing. Each ODP function description contains: - an explanation of the use of the function for open distributed processing; - prescriptive statements, about the structure and behaviour of the function, sufficient to ensure the overall integrity of the Reference
42、 Model; - a statement of other ODP functions upon which it depends. 4.4 ODP distribution transparencies 4.4.1 Concepts 4.4.1.1 Access transparency: A distribution transparency which masks differences in data representation and invocation mechanisms to enable interworking between objects. 4.4.1.2 Fai
43、lure transparency: A distribution transparency which masks, from an object, the failure and possible recovery of other objects (or itself), to enable fault tolerance. ITU-T Rec. X.903 (1995 E) 5 ISOAEC 10746-3 : 1996 (E) 4.4.1.3 Location transparency: A distribution transparency which masks the use
44、of information about location in space when identifying and binding to interfaces. 4.4.1.4 Migration transparency: A distribution transparency which masks, from an object, the ability of a system to change the location of that object. Migration is often used to achieve load balancing and reduce late
45、ncy. 4.4.1.5 Relocation transparency: A distribution transparency which masks relocation of an interface from other interfaces bound to it. 4.4.1.6 Replication transparency: A distribution transparency which masks the use of a group of mutually behaviourally compatible objects to support an interfac
46、e. Replication is often used to enhance performance and availability. 4.4.1.7 Persistence transparency: A distribution transparency which masks, from an object, the deactivation and reactivation of other objects (or itself). Deactivation and reactivation are often used to maintain the persistence of
47、 an object when a system is unable to provide it with processing, storage and communication functions continuously. 4.4.1.8 Transaction transparency: A distribution transparency which masks coordination of activities amongst a configuration of objects to achieve consistency. 4.4.2 Using distribution
48、 transparency Distribution transparency is an important end-user requirement in distributed systems. This Reference Model defines a set of distribution transparencies which make it possible to implement ODP systems which are distribution transparent from the point of view of users of those systems.
49、Distribution transparency is selective; the Reference Model includes rules for selecting and combining distribution transparencies in ODP systems. This Reference Model contains, for each distribution transparency defined in 4.4.1.1 to 4.4.1.8, definitions of both: - a schema for expressing requirements for the particular transparency; - a refinement process for transforming a specification which contains requirements for the particular distribution transparency to a specification which explicitly realizes the masking implied by that transparency. NOTES 1 In some cases (e.g. access transp
