1、 INCITS/ISO/IEC 12087-1-1995 (R2000)(formerly ANSI/ISO/IEC 12087-1-1995 (R2000)for Information Technology Computer Graphics and Image Processing Image Processing andInterchange (IPI) Functional Specification Part 1: Common Architecturefor ImagingANSI/ISO/IEC 12087-l -1995 American National Standard
2、for Information Technology - Computer Graphics and Image Processing - Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) - Functional Specification - Part 1: Common Architecture for Imaging Secretariat Information Technology Industry Council Approved April 17, 1996 American National Standards Institute, Inc. Am
3、ericanNationalStandardApproval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that therequirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval havebeen met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of StandardsReview, substa
4、ntial agreement has been reached by directly and materiallyaffected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simplemajority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views andobjections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward theirresolution.The use
5、 of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existencedoes not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standardsor not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes,or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National St
6、andards Institute does not develop standards and will inno circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard.Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation ofan American National Standard in the name of the American National StandardsInstitute.
7、Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat orsponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised orwithdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute require that action b
8、e taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdrawthis standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive currentinformation on all standards by calling or writing the American National StandardsInstitute.Published byAmerican National Standards Institute11 West 42nd Street, New York,
9、 New York 10036Copyright 1996 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)All rights reserved.These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO),International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), andInfo
10、rmation Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may bereproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission of ITI.All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW, Washingt
11、on, DC20005.Printed in the United States of AmericaContents 1 Scope . . 1 2 Normative References . . . . 3 Definitions and abbreviations . 3.1 Definitions 3.2 Abbreviations 3.3 Diagrammatic Conventions . 4 The IPI architecture . 4.1 IPI imaging architecture. . 4.1.1 IPI imaging model 4.1.2 IPI opera
12、tor processing model 4.2 IPI basic data types . 4.2.1 IPI elementary data types . 4.2.2 IPI compound data types. . 4.3 IPI image data types 4.3.1 IPI derived elementary image data types . 4.3.2 IPI derived compound image data types 4.3.3 IPI derived image attributes 4.4 IPI derived non-image data ty
13、pes. . 4.4.1 IPI derived image annotation data types. . 4.4.2 IPI derived image-related non-image data types 5 IPI-PIKS architecture . 5.1 IPI-PIKS imaging model . . 5.1.1 IPI-PIKS neighbourhood control . 5.1.2 IPI-PIKS image control . 5.2 IPI-PIKS system control 5.2.1 Data object management . 5.2.2
14、 Operational synchronicity . . 5.2.3 Element chaining . 5.2.4 Error management . . . . . 5.3 IPI-PIKS basic data types . . 5.3.1 IPI-PIKS elementary data types . . . 5.3.2 IPI-PIKS compounddata types . . 5.4 IPI-PIKS derived image data descriptions . . . . 5.4.1 IPI-PIKS derived data types . 5.4.2 I
15、PI-PIKS compound image data types 5.4.3 Composite images . 5.4.4 IPI-PIKS image object attributes . . . 5.5 IPI-PIKS derived non-image data structures . . . 5.6 IPI-PIKS data pragmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . 7 7 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 13 14 14 14 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 22 22 22 23 24 26 34 6 IPI-IIF-specific architecture . 6.1 IPI-IIF imaging model . 6.2 IPI-IIF basic data types 6.3 IPI-IIF derived data types . 6.3.1 IPI-IIF derived image data types . 6.3.2 IPI-IIF image attribu
17、tes . 6.3.3 IPI-IIF derived non-image data types . 6.3.3.1 IPI-IIF image annotation data types. . 6.3.3.2 IPI-IIF image-related non-image data types . 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 7 Relationship between IPI-PIKS and IPI-IIF 4i 8 Conformance . . . . 8.1 Conformance of functionality . 8.2 Conformance of
18、 accuracy and precision 8.3 Extensions . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Conformance profiles . . 8.4.1 Types of profile . . . . . . . . . . il 8.4.2 Application profile registration . 8.4.3 Profiles defined by IPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 42 42 42 43 43 44 44 Annexes. : . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A Structured image data types . . . . . . . . . 46 B Structurecodes . 4. 48 C The representation of colour . 49 D Language-Independent Data Types . . D.l Bit . D.2 Boolean . D.3 Character D.4 Complex . D.5 Enumerated . D.6 Null D.7 Integer D.8 Real D.9 State D.lOArray .
20、D.ll Choice D.12 List D.13 Pointer D.14 Range. D.15 Record D.16 Set . D.17 Character String D.18 Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 56 56 57 . . . 58 . . . 58 59 59 60 61 61 . . . . 62 . 63 . . . 64 . 65 . 65 66 . . . 67 . . 68 E Bibliogr
21、aphy. . . . . . . . . . 69 List of figures 7 8 Relationship of the parts of ISO/IEC 12087. 2 Diagrammatic conventions 6 Interfaces between application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF. . 8 Fundamental operator processing model 9 The operator model used by IPI-PIKS 16 Relationship Between a Physical Vo
22、lume and IPI-PIKS Horizontal, Vertical. and Depth Coordinates . 23 Aggregation of Image References into a List . 24 Colour Systems and Representations Used by IPI 50 List of tables Codes for the externally-visible representations of IPI-PIKS-specific data types 21 Dimensions of an IPI-PIKS Data Obje
23、ct 22 IPI-IIF profiles that correspond to IPI-PIKS profiles . 44 IPI-PIKS profiles that correspond to IPI-IIF profiles . 35 SYZ tristimulus values for the white points of common illuminance 51 Supported types of colour representation, and their attributes 53 Standardized parameterisations of colours
24、 53 Parameter values for the standardized colour representations (non-normative) 54 Mappings Between Colours and Image Channels . 55 iv Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard ANSI/ISO/IEC 12087-l -1995. The text of this standard is identical to ISO/IEC 12087-1- 1995 and th
25、e following five paragraphs are the original foreword as it appeared in that document.) IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of IS0
26、or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. IS0 and IEC technical commit- tees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organiza- ti
27、ons, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS0 and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, IS0 and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopt- ed by the joint technical committee are circulated to
28、 national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the national bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO/IEC 12087-l was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, information technology, Subcommittee SC24, Computer graphics
29、and image processing. ISO/IEC 12087 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - Image processing and interchange (IPI) - Functional specification: - Part 1: Common architecture for imaging - Part 2: Programmers imaging ke
30、rnel system application programme interface - Part 3: Image Interchange Facility (IIF) Annexes A to D form an integral part of this part of ISO/IEC 12087. Annex E is for information only. Requests for interpretation, suggestions for improvement or addenda, or defect reports are welcome. They should
31、be sent to the X3 Secretariat, Information Technology Industry Council, 1250 Eye Street, NW, Washington DC 20005-3922. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee on Information Technology, X3. Committee approval of this standard does not nece
32、ssarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the X3 Committee had the following members: James D. Converse, Chair Donald C. Loughry, Vice-Chair Kate McMillan, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Representative American Nuclear Society
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geraldine C. Main AMP, Inc. Sally Hartzell (Alt.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
34、dward Kelly Charles Brill (Alt.) Organization Represented Name of Representative Apple Computer, Inc David K. Michael AT Programmers imaging kernel system application program interface, which defines processing opera- tions to be carried out on image data; Image Interchange Facility (IIF), which def
35、ines how images may be interchanged between application programs. Information may be interchanged between the application program, Programmers Imaging Kernel System (IPI-PIKS), and Image Interchange Facility (IPI-IIF) (see figure ). Data paths between all three components are standardized in ISO/IEC
36、 12087, as indicated by the solid lines; however, it is also permitted that imple- mentations may use private, implementation-dependent data paths, shown by dashed lines; such data paths are outside the scope of ISOAEC 12087. There are a great many types of application that involve the use of images
37、. The Computer Graphics Reference Model ISO 110721 identifies six main function classes (see figure 0.1): image analysis - transformation of digital images to image and non-image data; this encompasses basic func- tions such as histogram generation, mean value determination, image classification, et
38、c., but does not include image understanding using artificial intelligence techniques. image interpretation - the process of inferring symbolic scene descriptions from image data. image presentation - transformation of image data to a form suitable for an observer; e.g., via video monitors, printers
39、, film recorders, etc. image processing - transformation of digital images to digital images; e.g., grey value contrast enhancement, edge detection, etc. image sensing - transformation of real-world information to digital images; e.g., via cameras, optical scan- ners, etc. image synthesis - transfor
40、mation of non-image data to image data; this encompasses functions such as the rendering of lines, creation of test images, simulation of sensor functions, letters of graphical text and symbols, etc. - - VIII Application Program _- PIKS IIF standardized data flow _- implementation-dependent data flo
41、w Figure O.l- Data flow between the application program, IPI-PIKS, and IPI-IIF As figure indicates, all these function classes involve the manipulation of a digital image; some function classes also require information that is related to the data contained in the digital image but is itself non-imag
42、e in nature. This image-related information is essential to many of the common operations performed on digital images and is therefore also described by ISO/IEC 12087. ISO/IEC 12087 is also concerned with image interchange, the interchange of digital images among imaging applications; this serves fo
43、r the communication of image data and related non-image data among imaging applications. The term digital image used in ISO 110721 is synonymous with the term image as used in ISO/IEC 12087. It is important to realize the distinction between image (or digital image) as used in ISO/IEC 12087 and the
44、term image as it may be used colloquially: in ISO/IEC 12087, image (or digital image) refers to a particular representation of image data within a computer system. An image may not be viewed directly. To view an image, an explicit presentation step is involved, as figure indicates. Image data that a
45、re in a form suitable for viewing by an observer are termed presentable image data in ISO/IEC 12087. NOTE 1 Some application areas, which might loosely be termed “image understanding,” utilize data derived from an image by means of some analysis; such applications are therefore omitted from this ISO
46、llEC 12087. However, lSO/IEC 12087 may be used by such applications. This part of ISO/IEC 12087 fulfills the following purposes: a) It provides an overview of ISO/IEC 12087; b) It defines a Common Architecture for Imaging, an abstract architectural model for the representation ix 1 Interpretation :
47、Analysis Real D Sensing c Image Processing World r-L Presentation i observer Figure 0.2 - Classes of operations on images X and processing of image data. The purpose of this model is to define a common set of data types and a common image representation for use with all other parts of ISO/IEC 12087
48、and to provide a standard- ized framework upon which future imaging standards may be built, allowing simplified conversion of existing applications to the new standard. c) It defines rules to which conforming implementations shall adhere and the mechanism by which con- formance is achieved. xi AMERI
49、CAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ISO/IEC 12087-l -1995 American National Standard for Information Technology - Computer Graphics and Image Processing - Image Processing and Interchange (IPI) - Functional Specification - Part 1: Common Architecture for Imaging 1 Scope ISO/IEC 12087 is concerned with the manipulation, processing, and interchange of all types of digital images. The main purpose of this part is to define a generic, unifying imaging architecture to which other parts of ISO/IEC 12087 conform. This part of ISOlIEC 12087 also defines those “spec
