1、Reference numberISO/IEC 13818-2:2000(E)ISO/IEC 2000INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO/IEC13818-2Second edition2000-12-15Information technology Generic codingof moving pictures and associated audioinformation: VideoTechnologies de linformation Codage gnrique des images animes etdu son associ: Donnes vidoAdopte
2、d by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Approval: 8/6/01 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2002 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)
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8、2000All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member bodyin the coun
9、try of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 Gb7 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.chWeb www.iso.chPrinted in Switzerlandii ISO/IEC 2000 All rights reservedISO/IEC 13818-2:2000(E) ISO/IEC 2000 All rights reserved iiiCONTENTS Page Intro. 1 Pur
10、pose vi Intro. 2 Application vi Intro. 3 Profiles and levels. vi Intro. 4 The scalable and the non-scalable syntax . vii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions 2 4 Abbreviations and symbols. 7 4.1 Arithmetic operators 7 4.2 Logical operators. 8 4.3 Relational operators. 8 4.4 Bitwise opera
11、tors. 8 4.5 Assignment 8 4.6 Mnemonics 8 4.7 Constants . 9 5 Conventions 9 5.1 Method of describing bitstream syntax 9 5.2 Definition of functions 10 5.3 Reserved, forbidden and marker_bit 10 5.4 Arithmetic precision 11 6 Video bitstream syntax and semantics 11 6.1 Structure of coded video data 11 6
12、.2 Video bitstream syntax 21 6.3 Video bitstream semantics. 36 7 The video decoding process 61 7.1 Higher syntactic structures 61 7.2 Variable length decoding. 62 7.3 Inverse scan . 64 7.4 Inverse quantisation. 66 7.5 Inverse DCT 69 7.6 Motion compensation 69 7.7 Spatial scalability. 83 7.8 SNR scal
13、ability 92 7.9 Temporal scalability 99 7.10 Data partitioning 102 7.11 Hybrid scalability 103 7.12 Output of the decoding process . 104 8 Profiles and levels. 106 8.1 ISO/IEC 11172-2 compatibility. 109 8.2 Relationship between defined profiles. 109 8.3 Relationship between defined levels . 111 8.4 S
14、calable layers. 111 8.5 Parameter values for defined profiles, levels and layers 114 8.6 Compatibility requirements on decoders. 115 9 Registration of Copyright Identifiers 117 9.1 General 117 9.2 Implementation of a Registration Authority (RA). 118 iv ISO/IEC 2000 All rights reservedPage Annex A In
15、verse discrete transform . 119 Annex B Variable length code tables 121 B.1 Macroblock addressing 121 B.2 Macroblock type 122 B.3 Macroblock pattern 127 B.4 Motion vectors. 128 B.5 DCT coefficients . 129 Annex C Video buffering verifier . 138 Annex D Features supported by the algorithm 143 D.1 Overvi
16、ew . 143 D.2 Video formats 143 D.3 Picture quality 144 D.4 Data rate control 144 D.5 Low delay mode 144 D.6 Random access/channel hopping. 145 D.7 Scalability 145 D.8 Compatibility. 151 D.9 Differences between this Specification and ISO/IEC 11172-2 151 D.10 Complexity 154 D.11 Editing encoded bitstr
17、eams 154 D.12 Trick modes. 154 D.13 Error resilience 155 D.14 Concatenated sequences 162 Annex E Profile and level restrictions 163 E.1 Syntax element restrictions in profiles 163 E.2 Permissible layer combinations . 175 Annex F Bibliography. 197 Annex G Registration Procedure 198 G.1 Procedure for
18、the request of a Registered Identifier (RID) 198 G.2 Responsibilities of the Registration Authority. 198 G.3 Responsibilities of parties requesting an RID 198 G.4 Appeal procedure for denied applications . 199 Annex H Registration Application Form 200 H.1 Contact information of organization requesti
19、ng a Registered Identifier (RID) . 200 H.2 Statement of an intention to apply the assigned RID. 200 H.3 Date of intended implementation of the RID. 200 H.4 Authorized representative 200 H.5 For official use only of the Registration Authority 200 Annex J 4:2:2 Profile test results 202 J.1 Introductio
20、n . 202 Annex K Patents 207ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000(E) ISO/IEC 2000 All rights reserved vForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
21、ISO or IECparticipate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by therespective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committeescollaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations
22、, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/I
23、EC JTC 1.Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting.Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elemen
24、ts of this part of ISO/IEC 13818 may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard ISO/IEC 13818-2 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Informationtechnology, Subcommittee SC 29, Codi
25、ng of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information,incollaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as ITU-T Rec. H.262.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 13818-2:1996), which has been technicallyrevised.ISO/IEC 13818 consists of the following par
26、ts, under the general title Information technology Generic coding ofmoving pictures and associated audio information:Gbe Part 1: SystemsGbe Part 2: VideoGbe Part 3: AudioGbe Part 4: Conformance testingGbe Part 5: Software simulationGbe Part 6: Extensions for DSM-CCGbe Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (
27、AAC)Gbe Part 9: Extension for real time interface for systems decodersGbe Part 10: Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC)Annexes A, B and C form a normative part of this part of ISO/IEC 13818. Annexes D to K are for information only.ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000(E)Intro
28、duction Intro. 1 Purpose This Part of this Recommendation | International Standard was developed in response to the growing need for a generic coding method of moving pictures and of associated sound for various applications such as digital storage media, television broadcasting and communication. T
29、he use of this Specification means that motion video can be manipulated as a form of computer data and can be stored on various storage media, transmitted and received over existing and future networks and distributed on existing and future broadcasting channels. Intro. 2 Application The application
30、s of this Specification cover, but are not limited to, such areas as listed below: BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service (to the home) CATV Cable TV Distribution on optical networks, copper, etc. CDAD Cable Digital Audio Distribution DSB Digital Sound Broadcasting (terrestrial and satellite broadcastin
31、g) DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting EC Electronic Cinema ENG Electronic News Gathering (including SNG, Satellite News Gathering) FSS Fixed Satellite Service (e.g. to head ends) HTT Home Television Theatre IPC Interpersonal Communications (videoconferencing, videophone, etc.) ISM Inte
32、ractive Storage Media (optical disks, etc.) MMM Multimedia Mailing NCA News and Current Affairs NDB Networked Database Services (via ATM, etc.) RVS Remote Video Surveillance SSM Serial Storage Media (digital VTR, etc.) Intro. 3 Profiles and levels This Specification is intended to be generic in the
33、sense that it serves a wide range of applications, bitrates, resolutions, qualities and services. Applications should cover, among other things, digital storage media, television broadcasting and communications. In the course of creating this Specification, various requirements from typical applicat
34、ions have been considered, necessary algorithmic elements have been developed, and they have been integrated into a single syntax. Hence, this Specification will facilitate the bitstream interchange among different applications. Considering the practicality of implementing the full syntax of this Sp
35、ecification, however, a limited number of subsets of the syntax are also stipulated by means of “profile“ and “level“. These and other related terms are formally defined in clause 3. A “profile“ is a defined subset of the entire bitstream syntax that is defined by this Specification. Within the boun
36、ds imposed by the syntax of a given profile it is still possible to require a very large variation in the performance of encoders and decoders depending upon the values taken by parameters in the bitstream. For instance, it is possible to specify frame sizes as large as (approximately) 214samples wi
37、de by 214lines high. It is currently neither practical nor economic to implement a decoder capable of dealing with all possible frame sizes. In order to deal with this problem, “levels“ are defined within each profile. A level is a defined set of constraints imposed on parameters in the bitstream. T
38、hese constraints may be simple limits on numbers. Alternatively they may take the form of constraints on arithmetic combinations of the parameters (e.g. frame width multiplied by frame height multiplied by frame rate). Bitstreams complying with this Specification use a common syntax. In order to ach
39、ieve a subset of the complete syntax, flags and parameters are included in the bitstream that signal the presence or otherwise of syntactic elements that occur later in the bitstream. In order to specify constraints on the syntax (and hence define a profile), it is thus only necessary to constrain t
40、he values of these flags and parameters that specify the presence of later syntactic elements. vi ISO/IEC 2000 All rights reservedISO/IEC 13818-2:2000(E)Intro. 4 The scalable and the non-scalable syntax The full syntax can be divided into two major categories: One is the non-scalable syntax, which i
41、s structured as a super set of the syntax defined in ISO/IEC 11172-2. The main feature of the non-scalable syntax is the extra compression tools for interlaced video signals. The second is the scalable syntax, the key property of which is to enable the reconstruction of useful video from pieces of a
42、 total bitstream. This is achieved by structuring the total bitstream in two or more layers, starting from a standalone base layer and adding a number of enhancement layers. The base layer can use the non-scalable syntax, or in some situations conform to the ISO/IEC 11172-2 syntax. Intro. 4.1 Overvi
43、ew of the non-scalable syntax The coded representation defined in the non-scalable syntax achieves a high compression ratio while preserving good image quality. The algorithm is not lossless as the exact sample values are not preserved during coding. Obtaining good image quality at the bitrates of i
44、nterest demands very high compression, which is not achievable with intra picture coding alone. The need for random access, however, is best satisfied with pure intra picture coding. The choice of the techniques is based on the need to balance a high image quality and compression ratio with the requ
45、irement to make random access to the coded bitstream. A number of techniques are used to achieve high compression. The algorithm first uses block-based motion compensation to reduce the temporal redundancy. Motion compensation is used both for causal prediction of the current picture from a previous
46、 picture, and for non-causal, interpolative prediction from past and future pictures. Motion vectors are defined for each 16-sample by 16-line region of the picture. The prediction error, is further compressed using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) to remove spatial correlation before it is quant
47、ised in an irreversible process that discards the less important information. Finally, the motion vectors are combined with the quantised DCT information, and encoded using variable length codes. Intro. 4.1.1 Temporal processing Because of the conflicting requirements of random access and highly eff
48、icient compression, three main picture types are defined. Intra Coded Pictures (I-Pictures) are coded without reference to other pictures. They provide access points to the coded sequence where decoding can begin, but are coded with only moderate compression. Predictive Coded Pictures (P-Pictures) a
49、re coded more efficiently using motion compensated prediction from a past intra or predictive coded picture and are generally used as a reference for further prediction. Bidirectionally-predictive Coded Pictures (B-Pictures) provide the highest degree of compression but require both past and future reference pictures for motion compensation. Bidirectionally-predictive coded pictures are never used as references for prediction (except in the case that the resulting picture is used as a reference in a spatially scalable enhancement layer)
