1、 INCITS/ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007 2015 (ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007, IDT) Information technology - Technical Report on Multi-Modal and other Multi-Biometric Fusion (Technical Report) INCITS/ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007 2015 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licens
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5、National Standard. Date of Registration: 2/1/2015 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2015 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International S
6、tandardization Organization (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, wi
7、thout the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1101 K Street NW, Suite 610, Washington DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ii ITIC 2015 All rights reserved Reference numberISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E)ISO/IEC 2007TECHNICAL REP
8、ORT ISO/IECTR24722First edition2007-07-01Information technology Biometrics Multimodal and other multibiometric fusion Technologies de linformation Biomtrie Fusion multimodale et autre fusion multibiomtrique ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In acco
9、rdance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobes l
10、icensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for prin
11、ting. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved. Unless othe
12、rwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyrigh
13、t office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reservedISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents Page 1 Scope1 2 Terminology issues.1 3 Ter
14、ms and definitions .3 4 Overview of multimodal and other multibiometric systems.5 4.1 General .5 4.2 Simultaneous and sequential presentation7 4.2.1 General multibiometric system model 7 4.2.2 Simultaneous presentation 8 4.2.3 Sequential presentation8 4.3 Correlation .8 5 Levels of combination.9 5.1
15、 Overview.9 5.2 Decision-level fusion.12 5.2.1 Simple decision-level fusion 12 5.2.2 Advanced decision-level fusion.13 5.2.2.1 General model13 5.2.2.2 Layered system15 5.2.2.3 Cascaded system.15 5.3 Score-level fusion15 5.3.1 Overview.15 5.3.2 Score normalisation16 5.3.3 Score fusion methods.19 5.4
16、Feature-level fusion.21 6 Characterisation data for multibiometric systems 21 6.1 Overview.21 6.2 Use of characterisation data in normalisation and fusion21 7 Scope and options for standardisation.22 7.1 Introduction22 7.2 Implementation areas22 7.3 Interoperability requirements.23 7.4 Possible stan
17、dardisation activity 23 7.4.1 On record format standardisation .23 7.4.2 On framework standardisation 25 7.4.3 On application profile standardisation27 7.4.4 On compliance standardisation.27 7.4.5 On multimodal testing standardisation.28 7.5 Summary 28 Bibliography29 ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E) iv ISO/
18、IEC 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of Internatio
19、nal Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with
20、 ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical co
21、mmittee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circum
22、stances, the joint technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report of one of the following types: type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard, despite repeated efforts; type 2, when the subject is still under technical d
23、evelopment or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard; type 3, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the
24、 art”, for example). Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be
25、 no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC TR 24722, which is a Technical Report of type 2, was prep
26、ared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 37, Biometrics. ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction Some applications of biometrics require a level of technical performance that is difficult to obtain with a single biometri
27、c measure. Such applications include prevention of multiple applications for national identity cards and security checks for air travel. In addition, provision is needed for people who are unable to give a reliable biometric sample for some biometric modalities. Use of multiple biometric measurement
28、s from substantially independent biometric sensors, algorithms or modalities typically gives improved technical performance and reduces risk. This includes an improved level of performance where not all biometric measurements are available such that decisions can be made from any number of biometric
29、 measurements within an overall policy on accept/reject thresholds. Of the various forms of multibiometric systems, the potential for multimodal biometric systems, each using an independent measure, has been discussed in the technical literature since at least 1974 22, 49. Advanced methods for combi
30、ning measures at the score level have been discussed 15, 16. At the current level of understanding, combining results at the score level typically requires knowledge of both genuine and impostor distributions. All of these measures are highly application-dependent and generally unknown in any real s
31、ystem. Research on the methods not requiring previous knowledge of the score distributions is continuing and research on fusion at both the image and feature levels is still progressing. Given the current state of research into those questions and the highly application-dependent and generally unava
32、ilable data required for proper fusion at the score level, work on multimodal and other multibiometric fusion was considered not sufficiently mature to initiate an International Standard on the subject. Instead, it was considered appropriate to publish a Technical Report on the subject. This Technic
33、al Report is meant to provide information for future development of standards on multibiometric systems, in particular regarding the various aspects of fusion. It will also provide a reference on multibiometric fusion for developers of other biometric standards and implementers.TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/
34、IEC TR 24722:2007(E) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved 11 Scope This Technical Report contains descriptions of and analyses of current practices on multimodal and other multibiometric fusion, including (as appropriate) references to more detailed descriptions. It also discusses the need for, and poss
35、ible routes to, standardisation to support multibiometric systems. This Technical Report contains descriptions and explanations of high-level multibiometric concepts to aid in the explanation of multibiometric fusion approaches including multimodal, multiinstance, multisensorial, multialgorithmic, d
36、ecision-level and score-level logic. 2 Terminology issues The primary motivation in addressing the terms and definitions in Clause 3 is to draw a distinction between “multibiometric” and “multimodal” terms that appeared to be used in the literature interchangeably. To support defining this terminolo
37、gy, the term “modality” is a key, and Table 1 provides a listing of modalities based on CBEFF 30. The distinction between conventional and unconventional categories is subjective, and based on past and current biometric products. Information technology Biometrics Multimodal and other multibiometric
38、fusion ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E) 2 ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reservedTable 1 Terms for biometric modalities or data types Category Biometric Type Other No Value Available Multiple Multiple Biometric Types Face Voice Finger Iris Retina Hand Geometry Conventional Signature or Sign Keystroke Lip Movement
39、Gait Vein DNA Ear Foot Unconventional Scent (Source: ISO/IEC 19785-1: 2006, Information technology Common Biometric Exchange Formats Framework Table 1 Abstract values for BDB_biometric_type.) Part 1: Data element specification, ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved 33 Terms and definitions Note: Two cate
40、gories of terms are defined here: terms that are specific to multimodal and multibiometric systems; terms that are not specific to multimodal and multibiometric systems, but are required to define the termsin the first category and not defined in the latest revision of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 37 Standing D
41、ocument 2 33. For definitions of other terms in the subject field of biometrics, refer to ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 37 Standing Document 2 33.3.1 biometric characteristic biometric (deprecated) biological and behavioural characteristic of an individual that can be detected and from which distinguishing, repe
42、atable biometric features can be extracted for the purpose of automated recognition of individuals Note 1: Biological and behavioural characteristics are physical properties of body parts, physiological and behavioural processes created by the body and combinations of any of these. Note 2: Distingui
43、shing does not necessarily imply individualization. Examples: Galton ridge structure, face topography, facial skin texture, hand topography, finger topography, iris structure, vein structure of the hand, ridge structure of the palm, and retinal pattern. 3.2 biometric modality the biometric character
44、istic which is used in a biometric process 3.3 biometric process automated process using one or more biometric characteristics of a single individual for the purpose of enrollment, verification or identification 3.4 biometric fusion combination of information from multiple sources, i.e. sensors, mod
45、alities, algorithms, instances or presentations 3.5 cascaded system system where pass/fail thresholds of biometric samples are used to determine if additional biometric samples are required to reach an overall system decision 3.6 layered system system where individual biometric scores are used to de
46、termine the pass/fail thresholds of other biometric data processing 3.7 multialgorithmic using multiple algorithms for processing the same biometric sample ISO/IEC TR 24722:2007(E)For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.4 ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved3.8 multi
47、biometric pertaining to multibiometrics Note: Multibiometric has five distinct subcategories: multimodal, multiinstance, multisensorial, multialgorithmic and multipresentation 3.9 multibiometric process biometric process involving the use of biometric fusion 3.10 multibiometrics automated recognitio
48、n of individuals based on their biological or behavioral characteristics and involving the use of biometric fusion 3.11 multiinstance using multiple biometric instances within one biometric modality Examples: Iris (left) + Iris (right), Fingerprint (left index) + Fingerprint (right index). 3.12 mult
49、imodal using multiple different biometric modalities Example: Fingerprint + Face. 3.13 multipresentation using either multiple presentation samples of one instance of a biometric characteristic or a single presentation that results in the capture of multiple samples Example: Several frames from video camera capture of a face image (possibly but not necessarily consecutive). Note: Multipresentation biometrics is consider
