1、ANSI INCITS TR-14-1995(formerly ANSI X3/TR-14-1995) Information TechnologyTechnical ReportIRDS ConceptuaI SchemaPart 1: Conceptual Schemafor IRDS,Part 2: Modeling LanguageAnalysisX3s Technical Report Series This Technical Report is one in a series produced by the American National Standards Committe
2、e, X3, Information Technology. The Secretariat for X3 is held by the Information Technology industry Council (ITI), 1250 Eye Street, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005. As a by-product of the standards development process and the resources of knowledge devoted to it, X3 from time to time produces T
3、echnical Reports. Such Technical Reports are not standards, nor are they intended to be used as such. X3 Technical Reports are produced in some cases to disseminate the technical and logical con- cepts reflected in standards already published or under development. In other cases, they derive from st
4、udies in areas where it is found premature to develop a standard due to a still-changing technology, or inappropriate to develop a rigorous standard due to the existence of a number of viable options, the choice of which depends on the users particular requirements. These Technical Reports, thus, pr
5、ovide guidelines, the use of which can result in greater consistency and coherence of information processing systems. When the draft Technical Report is completed, the Technical Committee approval process is the same as for a draft standard. Processing by X3 is also similar to that for a draft stand
6、ard. Published by American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 01995 by American National Standards Institute All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior
7、 written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANS10.25C995165 IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS Abstract The purpose of this technical report is to present an IRDS (Information Resources Dictionary System) conceptu- al schema framework that sup
8、ports the representation, integration, and translation of heterogeneous representa- tion languages, schemes, or paradigms including national and international standards. The IRDS conceptual schema framework is based on logic and semantics and thus provides the formalism necessary to represent, integ
9、rate, or translate the various models of enterprise information resources. The conceptual schema frame- work uses a subsumptive integration approach and supports enterprise integration, repository technology, IRDS standards, IRDS requirements, and conceptual language requirements. Part 7: Conceptual
10、 Schema for /RDS presents IRDS conceptual schema topics and foundational material and Part 2: Modeling Language Analysis presents the results of the modeling language analysis. Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Lbtoffigurer. ix 1 bNroduction 1 1.1purporeMdscope . 1 1.1.1Pufpose . 1 1.1.2scope . 2 l.2ProjeuXapproachsummaryenddeta. . . X3H4/93-196 IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS 5.7 Schema operations !. 38 5.7.1 Genericservices 38 57.2 Schema language d
12、efinition . 39 6.7.3 Schema bnportlexport and translation 39 5.7.4 Schema aqalysis, comparison, and inference . 39 6.7.5 Schema mapping and integration . 39 6ConwptualschemaofthelRDS 41 7Anspprtounificstion 42 7.1 htroduction . 42 7.2 Summary of IRDS unifkation . 42 7.3 Developing the IRDS Defining
13、and Nonnative Schernas 42 7.4 ldendfying deep sanmntk constructs 42 7.5 ldw3fying deep semantic constructs in modeling languages 43 7.6ExMlpletofanticconobuctsofmodelingbnguagss 43 Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、 . . . . . . . . . . 46 A Logkaffoundation 46 A.1 RoporltioMlkgic . 46 A.2 Fredicattss 46 A.3 Fredkatelogic . 47 A.4 Formationrbs . 47 A.6 Rulasofinference . 48 A.6 othw logks . 49 A.7 Sets 53 A.8 Relatkns8ndfunctions . 54 BConMfomrslitm . 56 B.l Conceptual graphs 56 B.ZRefwm 57 B.3Typehiaarchy 59 B
15、.4 Cone mlations 60 B.SSituationsandcontexts . 62 B.6 Corsfecencetinb . 68 8.7 DefiningconceptandreIationtypes 70 B-8 auMtificsdon . 71 B.9 Higherorderty 74 B.10 PlumIs . 77 B.11 Acton . SO B. 12 Mapping to predkate cakulus . 66 C IfiDS conwptud 8chema constNctt 88 C.% IRDS statk. dynamic. and highe
16、r order construct groupings . 88 c.1.1 St8tk construct groupings .; C.3.2 Dynamic construct groupings . 88 89 Cl.3 Higher-order construct group8 . a9 6.2 IRDS Construct Definitions . 90 D ExempleUoD . 95 D-1 Oz Car Registration Authbrity . 95 8.2 0zCarRegulations 95 iv IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1:
17、 Conceptual Schema for IRDS X3H4/?3-196 EGlosreryofrelatedterms . 97 FRederencm 10 2 G selectdbiMiogtaphylO 5 Index . 15 7 V X3H4/93-196 IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS Foreword Accredited Standards Committee on information Resource Dictionary Systems (BIDS), X3H4, has for
18、many years been developing and correlating standards on IRDSs. The information used in this Technical Report has been gathered from many sources, including the standards and technical reports of ANSI and International Standards Organization (ISO). This technical report was prepared by X3H4.6 IRDS Co
19、nceptual Schema, a task group in theX3 accredited standarads technical committee X3H4 IRDS. This technical report consists of the following two parts under the general title IRDS ConceptualSchema: - hwt 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS - hrt 2: Modeling L8nguage Anaiysis This report presents an IRDS co
20、nceptual schema framework for the representation, integration, and translation of various modeling languages. Part I covers the introduction, background material, definitions, references, requirements, the conceptual schema architecture, and conceptual schema of the IRDS. The annex material includes
21、 the logical foundation, conceptual graph formalism, IRDS conceptual schema constructs, example UoD, glossary, references, and selected bibliography. Part 2 covers modeling language analysis and includes the analysis resufts of nine modeling languages. At the time this publication was approved, X3H4
22、 had the following members: Anthony J. Wmkler, Chair Mark Jones, Vice Chair Dana Marks, International Representative Don McCaffrey, Vocabulary Representative Organization Represented N8me of Representative ADS a Division of Boot, Allen t Hamilton Advanced Systems Technology (ASTECI AOG Systems Corpo
23、ration ASK Computer SystenWlngres ASK Computer Systems/lngres ASYSA, Inc. Bellcore Boeing Commercial Airplane Group -ng Boeing Computer Services CGI Systems Computer Associates Concept Technology, Inc. Control Data Corporation Control Data Corporation DAMA International David Taylor Research Center
24、Digital Equipment Corp. Digital Equipment Corp. Gary Berg-Cross (PI Hasan H. Sayani (PI Henry C. Lefkovits (P) Stewart Wilson (PI Cecelia M. Rocha (A) Anthony J. Winkler (PI Madhu S. Singh (P) Mel Bing (PI Mark R. Jones (A) Gary G. Roket (A) Mohan Prabandham (PI Dawne Porter (PI Sandra K. Perez (PI
25、Douglas D. Mann (PI Karen Stephey (A) Joseph H. Oates (O-P) Ruey Chen (PI Jack Liu (PI Y.S. Amy (A) vi IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS Digital Equipment Corp. Deere - describes conceptual schemas and the role they play in IRDS for purposes of representing, integrating and i
26、nteracting among models developed across the breadth of the enterprise; t - describes an approach to unification or subsumption; - and documents the resufts of analyses conducted of selected modeling languages, modeling paradigms, databaselanguages and other forms of representation. 1.1 Purpose and
27、scope 1.1.1 Pufpom An Information Resource Dictionary System (IFIDS) provides users with the capability of defining, maintaining and presenting a complete enterprise model, including both its business environment (i.e., its business f unctions, information, procedures, etc.) and the information reso
28、urces used to support the business environment. The enterprise model stored in an IRDS encompasses the strategic, tactical and operational levels of an organization. An IRDS represents purely abstract or conceptual models of the enterprise; models that describe how the processes, data, and other ite
29、ms in the enterprise are implemented or supported by computer systems or other information resources; and descriptions of the form in which various users (whether human users or other information systems) interact with information systems to acquire data or present data. In other words, an IRDS repr
30、esents enterprise information using the ANSI/IS0 three-schema database architecture consisting of a Conceptual Schema (CS), an Internal Schema and an External Schema. Users construct an enterprise model not as one single, monolithic model, but as a series of submodels describing particular aspects o
31、r domains of the enterprise environment and its supporting information resources. The models are built using a variety of representation Languages, schemes or paradigms, often with markedly different fundamental concepts, constructs or primitives. Enterprise models in the broad sense may take such d
32、isparate forms as data models, process models, information models, database models, CASE models, computer programs, database schemas, semantic networks, or natural language sentences. The models may be produced and stored using a variety of media including paper, CAD renderings or other computer gra
33、phic forms, digital text files such as word processing files, or computer databases. Graphic models of both the enterprise business environment and the information resources are developed over time and also change over time. The information resource models perhaps change more rapidly, particularly g
34、iven the pace of development of new infomration technologies. However, even the business environment is changing ever more rapidly, as enterprises struggle to keep up with international competition and demands for improved efficiency. Thus the purpose of the IRDS conceptual schema is to enable the i
35、ntegration of these heterogeneous modeling or representation forms. Thii can be 1 X3H4/93-196 IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS thought of as producing a single logical enterprise model comprised of any number of physical models produced using various representation languages
36、, schemes or paradigms. Where the constructs are similar between two or more modeling forms recognized by an IRDS, models produced in one form could be presented in another. Even when the modeling forms are dissimilar, models represented in one form could be referenced by or logically integrated wit
37、h other models represented in yet another form. Thii would be useful, for example, in cases where the content of two or more models is related in some logical way, while both modeling forms are quite different. Data models and process models are an example. They have fundamentally different concepts
38、, constructs and visual presentation forms, but yet the data in a data model may be the same krgical entities and the inputs and outputs in a process model. The purpose of this technical report is to describe an IRDS conceptual schema framework that supports the representstion, integration and inter
39、action of heterogeneous representation languages,schemes or paradigms used to model the enterprise business environment and its supporting information resources. Additionally, the technical report defines and demonstrates the technical validity of an approach for applying this framework. Thii descri
40、ption of the CS framework and the approach to applying it serves 8s the basis for developing a standard for an IRDS conceptual schema. 1.1.2 scope Gwen the purpose of this technical report, the scope of the materiel presented in pert f: Conceptual Schema for IRDS includes not only the actual descrip
41、tion of the IRDS conceptual schema fnmework and approach, but also considerable background material to aid in understanding the basis for the framework and approach, and t0 provide sufficient justification for their selection. The report therefore includes requirements of the IRDS in general, 8s wel
42、l 8s for the IRDS conceptual schema in specific. tt includes the description of a logic81 archiiecture for conceptual schemas in general, along with 8 description of how those general CS concepts, principles and architectural elements c8n be applied to meet the requirements of an IFtDS CS. Selected
43、background materM on various aspects of the IRDS CS framework and approach is included in several annexes. The annex 2 material addresses such subjects as: the logical foundation underlying the CS framework and approach; a conceptual schema language formalism that could serve as the basis for an IRD
44、S CS language; a pool of potential modeling or representational constructs which would define the conceptual schema itself and provide the semantics for the CS language: and 8 sample Universe of Discourse which future standards work could draw upon for consistent examples. In addition, part II Model
45、ing Lenguege Aneiys X3 standards development projects, specifically X3H4 IRDS project 336(M); XBlSPARC Study Group DBSSG; X3T2 Data Interchange; IS0 standards development projects, including the IS0 BIDS Rapporteur Group, IS0 SWG-MF (Special Working Group on Modelling Facilities) 8nd the Standard fo
46、r the Exchange of Product Data (STEP). 1.2 Project approach summary end details 1.1.2 Project approach summary As with many analysis projects of thii n8ture, particularly those based on 8 Total Quality IRDS Conceptual Schema Part 1: Conceptual Schema for IRDS X3H4/93-196 Management (TOM) philosophy,
47、 this project effort began by analyzing the underlying problems and requirements which motivate or drive the overall IRDS and IFIDS conceptual schema efforts. The approach to the development of this technical report started with a review of requirements for an IRDS, lRDS technology, an IRDS conceptu
48、al schema and its associated IRDS conceptual schema language. On- going work on IRDS projects and other related standards efforts was then reviewed. Next, technical analysis and review was conducted in foundational concepts, principles and architectural elements of conceptual schemas as well as mode
49、ling paradigms, database languages and other forms of representation. Based on the resutts of this preparatory work, an IRDS conceptual schema framework was developed and a technical approach was defined for applying the framework in the context of producing a standard for an IRDS conceptual schema. This aspect of the project offers a solution to solve the problems and meet the requirements driving the work. This technical report alone does not serve as the complete solution. However, it does establish the foundation for developing one or more standards for an IRDS conceptual schem
