1、 TECHNICAL REPORT ANSI/ISA-TR12.13.02-1999 (R2013) ANSI Technical Report prepared by ISA Investigation of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the Fuel-Related Industries A Manual by Kuchta Reaffirmed 27 January 2014 Copyright 2013 by ISA. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No
2、part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the Publisher.ISA67 Alexander DriveP.O. Box 12277Research Triangle Park, Nort
3、h Carolina 27709ANSI/ISATR12.13.021999 (R2013)Investigation of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-Related Industries A Manual by KuchtaISBN: 978-0-876640-66-1 3 ANSI/ISA-TR12.13.02-1999 (R2013) Preface This preface, as well as all footnotes and annexes, is included for in
4、formation purposes and is not part of ANSI/ISA-TR12.13.02-1999 (R2013). This document has been prepared as part of the service of ISA towards a goal of uniformity in the field of instrumentation. To be of real value, this document should not be static but should be subject to periodic review. Toward
5、 this end, the Society welcomes all comments and criticisms and asks that they be addressed to the Secretary, Standards and Practices Board; ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P. O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; Telephone (919) 549-8411; Fax (919) 549-8288; E-mail: standardsisa.org. The ISA Sta
6、ndards and Practices Department is aware of the growing need for attention to the metric system of units in general, and the International System of Units (SI) in particular, in the preparation of instrumentation standards. The Department is further aware of the benefits to USA users of ISA standard
7、s of incorporating suitable references to the SI (and the metric system) in their business and professional dealings with other countries. Toward this end, this Department will endeavor to introduce SI-acceptable metric units in all new and revised standards, recommended practices, and technical rep
8、orts to the greatest extent possible. Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, published by the American Society for Testing ISA; 67 Alexander Drive; P. O. Box 12277; Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. As a service to industry, the accompanying document, B
9、ureau of Mines Bulletin 680 - Investigation of Fire and Explosion Accidents in the Chemical, Mining, and Fuel-Related Industries - A Manual, by Kuchta, 1985, is hereby reprinted in its entirety. This compendium, formerly available from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, contains information essential to an u
10、nderstanding of detection, measurement, and handling of flammable gases and vapors. For further information, refer to ANSI/ISA-TR12.13.01. ABSTRACT This technical report includes theoretical and practical work carried out and collected by the U.S. Bureau of Mines relating to ignitability, flammabili
11、ty and physicochemical properties of flammable gas mixtures, liquids, and solids. While emphasis of this document is on investigation of fires and explosions, a significant amount of theoretical 680) Bibliography: p. 68 Supt. of Docs. no.: 128.3:680 1. Chemical industries-Fires and fire prevention.
12、2. Mine fires. 3. Fuel-Fires and fire prevention. 4. Explosions. I. Title. II. Series: Bulletin (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 680. TH9445.C47K8 1985 660.2804 85-600188 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract .
13、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Properties of gasolines, jet fuels, hydraulic Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 fluids, and lubricants. 41 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Procedure
14、s for accident investigators . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Initial actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Vapor pressures and flashpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Flammability limits in air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Flammability limits in other atmospheres . . .
15、 . . 44 Investigative procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Background information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Site inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Witness interrogation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Igniti?I?- requireJ?lents . .
16、. . . . . . . . 45 Igmt10n energ1es . , . . 45 Ignition temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Flame temperatures and burning rates . . . . . . . 4 7 Evidence development and analysis . . . . . . . . 3 Flame temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 Conclusions and
17、report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Burning rates. 48 Theory and defmitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Properties of metal and nonmetal elements . . . . . . 48 Physical gas laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Flammability limits in air . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Flammability limits in other atmospheres . . . . . 49 Thermodynamic relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Ignition processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 General con
19、cepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 lgniti?I?-requireents . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 lgmtlon energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Ignition temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Electrical ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . 10 Flame temperatures and burning rates . . . . . . . 50 Thermal ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Flame temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Chemical ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Burning rates . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Flame propagation processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Properties of agricultural, carbonaceous, Flammable mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Prediction of limits 14 chemical, d pasic uss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Flammability lumt
22、s m m.r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Flame temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Flammability limits in other atmospheres . . . . . 53 Burning velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Explosion processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 16 Igniti?l? requireents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Igrutlon energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Deflagrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Ignition temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Physical explosions . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Spontaneous heating temperatures . . . . . . . . . 55 Detonations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Flame temperatures and burning rates . . . . . . . 57 Properties of liquid and gaseous compounds . . . . . 19 Flame temperatures . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Vapor pressures and flashpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Burning rates. 57 Saturated hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Properties of fabric and sheet combustibles . . . . . . 58 Other combustibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
26、0 Ignition temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Flammability limits in air and oxygen . . . . . . . . 25 Burning rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Saturated hydrocarbons and derivatives . . . . . 25 Fire and explosion damage . 60 Unsaturated hydr
27、ocarbons, aromatics, Fire temperature and radiation criteria . . . . . . . 60 and derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Explosion pressure criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Inorganic combustibles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Blast wave criteria .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Flammability limits in other atmospheres . . . . . 30 Crater and missile criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Ignition requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 References . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Ignition energies . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Appendix A-Summary of combustion properties Quenching distances . . . 34 of liquid and gaseous compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Ignition temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Flame temperatures and burning rates . . . . . . . 37 App
30、endix B.-Definition of symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Appendix C.onversion factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Flame temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Subject index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Burning velocities . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Unit of measure abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Detonation velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Liquid burning rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Compressibility factor as a function of reduced pressure
32、 and reduced temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Variation of pressure ratio with volume ratio in adiabatic and isothermal compression of an ideal gas . . . . . 8 3. Temporal and spatial characterization of various ignition sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . 9 4. Spark energy versus fuel-air ratio for ignition of n-butane-air mixtures at 25 C and 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. Ignition delay versus temperature for autoignition of n-decane in air at atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . 11 6. Flammability and vapor pressure diagram for n
34、-decane vapor-air system at various temperatures and atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7. Flammability diagram for the aviation gasoline vapor (1001130 grade)-air-nitro
35、gen system at 25 C and 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8. Flame speed, gas velocity, and burning velocity versus equivalence ratio for methane-air flame propagation at 2
36、5 C and 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 9. Pressure history for the explosion of a stoichiometric methane-air mixture in a 3.65-m (12-ft) diam sphere at 25 C and 1 atm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 II ILLUSTRATIONS-Continued 10. Pressure and flame profile histories fqr spark ignitions of 7.8 pet CH4-74.1 pet air-18.1 pet N2 mixture and 6.9 pet CH4-65.8 pet air-27.3 pet
38、N2 mixture in a 3.65-m (12-ft) diam sphere at 25 C and 1 atm . . 11. Pressure-time transient for detonation of a stoichiometric acetylene-air mixture in a 45.7-m (150-ft) long tunnel with initiation end closed . . 12. Relation of ideal blast wave characteristics at the shock front to peak overpressu
39、re . 13. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for five normal paraffins (C1 to C5) . 14. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for eight normal paraffins (C6 to C10, C12, C14, C16) 15. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for eight branched-chain paraffms . . 16
40、. Vapor pressure-temperature curves for eight unsaturated hydrocarbons . . 17. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for seven alicyclic hydrocarbons . . 18. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for eight aromatic hydrocarbons . . 19. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and fl
41、ashpoints for eight alcohols or hydroxy compounds . 20. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for six glycols and glycerol . . 21. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for eight ethers . . 22. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for seven aldehydes . . 23. Vapo
42、r pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for seven ketones . . 24. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for five acids and three acid anhydrides . 25. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for seven esters . 26. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for eigh
43、t amines . 27. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for.ammonia, cyanogen, two cyanides, two hydrazines, and hydrogen peroxide . 28. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for seven nitrated hydrocarbons . . 29. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for eight alky
44、l chlorides . . 30. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for six unsaturated and two aromatic chlorine compounds . . 31. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for seven brominated compounds . 32. Vapor pressure-temperature curves and flashpoints for six sulfur and two boron
45、compounds . 33. Variation of lower and upper limits of flammability in air with number of carbon atoms for normal paraffins and their derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Temperature effect on lower limits of flam
46、mability of 10 normal paraffins in air at atmospheric pressure 35. Temperature effect on upper limits of flammability of six normal paraffins and JP-6 jet fuel in air at atmospheric pressure . . 36. Pressure effect on limits of flammability of natural gas and ethane in air at 25 C . . 37. Variation
47、of lower and upper limits of flammability in air with number ofcarbon atoms for normal alkenes and with number of chlorine atoms for chloroethenes . 38. Limits of flammability of various methane-air-inert gas mixtures at 25 C and 1 atm . 39. Limits of flammability of methane-, ethane-, propane-, n-b
48、utane-, and n-pentane-air-nitrogen mixtures at 25 C and 1 atm : . . 40. Limits of flammability of methane-, ethane-, propane-, n-butane-, and n-pentane-air-carbon dioxide mixtures at 25 C and 1 atm . 41. Limits of flammability of hydrogen-air mixtures with added nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 25 C a
49、nd 1 atm . 42. Limits of flammability of carbon monoxide-air mixtures with added nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 25 C and 1 atm . 43. Limits of flammability of methane-air-Halon mixtures at 25 C and 1 atm . . 44. Effect of pressure on minimum oxygen requirements for propagation of natural gas, ethane, and propane in air-nitrogen mixtures at 25 C . 45. Spark ignition energy versus combustible vapor concentration for six paraffins in air at atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Minimum spark ignition energy of
