1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 12/30/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council
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4、 19111:2003(E)ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19111First edition2003-02-15Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates Information gographique Systme de rfrences spatiales par coordonnes Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for Res
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10、 reservedCopyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance requir
11、ements . 1 3 Normative references . 1 4 Terms and definitions. 1 5 Conventions 5 5.1 Symbols and abbreviated terms 5 5.2 UML notation . 6 6 Definition of the conceptual schema for coordinate reference systems 7 6.1 Introduction . 7 6.2 Coordinate reference system. 7 6.2.1 Type of coordinate referenc
12、e system . 7 6.2.2 Single coordinate reference system . 8 6.2.3 Compound coordinate reference system. 8 6.3 Datum . 9 6.3.1 Types of datums 9 6.3.2 Datum description. 10 6.3.3 Prime meridian 10 6.3.4 Ellipsoid . 11 6.4 Coordinate system 11 6.5 Coordinate operation coordinate conversion and coordinat
13、e transformation 12 6.5.1 General. 12 6.5.2 Coordinate conversion (including map projection) 13 6.5.3 Coordinate transformation. 14 6.5.4 Requirements for describing a coordinate operation. 14 6.5.5 Concatenated coordinate operation . 16 6.6 Citations. 17 6.7 Accuracy and precision of coordinates, c
14、oordinate operations, and parameters. 18 6.8 Attributes to describe a coordinate reference system 19 Annex A (normative) Conformance 22 Annex B (normative) UML schemas . 24 Annex C (informative) Decision trees. 27 Annex D (informative) Geodetic relationships. 29 Annex E (informative) Examples. 35 Co
15、pyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19111:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fe
16、deration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that com
17、mittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accord
18、ance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard require
19、s approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19111 was prepared by Technical
20、Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction Geographic in
21、formation contains spatial references which relate the features represented in the data to positions in the real world. Spatial references fall into two categories: those using coordinates; those based on geographic identifiers. This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by coor
22、dinates. Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers is the subject of ISO 19112, Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers. Coordinates are unambiguous only when the coordinate reference system to which those coordinates are related has been fully defined. A coordinate
23、reference system is a coordinate system which has a reference to the Earth. This International Standard describes the elements that are necessary to define fully various types of coordinate systems and coordinate reference systems applicable to geographic information. The subset of elements required
24、 is partially dependent upon the type of coordinates. This International Standard also includes optional fields to allow for the inclusion of non-essential coordinate reference system information. The elements are intended to be both machine and human readable. A set of coordinates on the same coord
25、inate reference system requires one coordinate reference system description. In addition to describing a coordinate reference system, this International Standard provides for the description of a coordinate transformation or coordinate conversion between two different coordinate reference systems. W
26、ith such information, geographic data referred to different coordinate reference systems can be merged together for integrated manipulation. Alternatively, an audit trail of coordinate reference system manipulations can be maintained. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS u
27、nder license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS
28、O 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates 1 Scope This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define one-, two- and three-d
29、imensional coordinate reference systems. It allows additional descriptive information to be provided. It also describes the information required to change coordinate values from one coordinate reference system to another. This International Standard is applicable to producers and users of geographic
30、 information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts, and text documents. 2 Conformance requirements This International Standard defines two classes of conformance, Class A for conformance of co
31、ordinate reference systems and Class B for coordinate operations between two coordinate reference systems. Any coordinate reference system claiming conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy the requirements given in Annex A, Clause A.1. Any coordinate operation claiming conformance to
32、 this International Standard shall satisfy the requirements given in Annex A, Clause A.2. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
33、 of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1000, SI units and recommendations for use of their multiples and of certain other units ISO/TS 19103:1), Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO 19113:2002, Geographic information Quality principles ISO 19114:1), Geog
34、raphic information Quality evaluation procedures 4 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 Cartesian coordinate system coordinate system which gives the position of points relative to n mutually perpendicular axes 1)To be published.Copy
35、right American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19111:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reservedNOTE n is 1, 2 or 3 for the purposes of this International Standard. 4.2 compound coor
36、dinate reference system coordinate reference system using two other independent coordinate reference systems to describe a position EXAMPLE One coordinate reference system based on a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system and the other coordinate reference system based on a gravity-related heig
37、ht system. 4.3 coordinate one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional space NOTE 1 In a coordinate reference system, the numbers must be qualified by units. NOTE 2 A coordinate operation is performed on coordinates in a source system resulting in coordinates i
38、n a target system. 4.4 coordinate conversion change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one relationship, from one coordinate system to another based on the same datum EXAMPLE Between geodetic and Cartesian coordinate systems or between geodetic coordinates and projected coordinates, or change of unit
39、s such as from radians to degrees or feet to metres. NOTE A coordinate conversion uses parameters which have constant values. 4.5 coordinate operation change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one relationship, from one coordinate reference system to another NOTE Supertype of coordinate transformatio
40、n and coordinate conversion. 4.6 coordinate reference system coordinate system that is related to the real world by a datum NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, it will be related to the Earth. 4.7 coordinate system set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to poi
41、nts 4.8 coordinate transformation change of coordinates from one coordinate reference system to another coordinate reference system based on a different datum through a one-to-one relationship NOTE A coordinate transformation uses parameters which are derived empirically by a set of points with know
42、n coordinates in both coordinate reference systems. 4.9 datum parameter or set of parameters that serve as a reference or basis for the calculation of other parameters NOTE A datum defines the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of the axes of a coordinate system. Copyright Americ
43、an National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19111:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 34.10 easting E distance in a coordinate system, eastwards (positive) or westwards (negative) from
44、a north-south reference line 4.11 ellipsoid surface formed by the rotation of an ellipse about a main axis NOTE In this International Standard, ellipsoids are always oblate, meaning that the axis of rotation is always the minor axis. 4.12 ellipsoidal height geodetic height h distance of a point from
45、 the ellipsoid measured along the perpendicular from the ellipsoid to this point positive if upwards or outside of the ellipsoid NOTE Only used as part of a three-dimensional geodetic coordinate system and never on its own. 4.13 engineering datum local datum datum describing the relationship of a co
46、ordinate system to a local reference NOTE Engineering datum excludes both geodetic and vertical datums. EXAMPLE A system for identifying relative positions within a few kilometres of the reference point. 4.14 flattening f ratio of the difference between the semi-major (a) and semi-minor axis (b) of
47、an ellipsoid to the semi-major axis: f = (a b)/a NOTE Sometimes inverse flattening 1/f = a/(a b) is given instead; 1/f is also known as reciprocal flattening. 4.15 geodetic coordinate system ellipsoidal coordinate system coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic
48、 longitude and (in the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height 4.16 geodetic datum datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to the Earth NOTE In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an ellipsoid definition. 4.17 geodetic latitude ellipsoidal latitude angle from the equatorial p
49、lane to the perpendicular to the ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated as positive Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19111:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved4.18 geodetic longitud
