1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 5/6/2004Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2004 by Information Technology Industry Council (
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4、9112:2003(E)ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19112First edition2003-10-15Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers Information gographique Systme de rfrences spatiales par identificateurs gographiques Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under l
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10、rland ii ISO 2003 All rights reservedCopyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1
11、 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 3 Normative references . 1 4 Terms and definitions. 2 5 Notation 2 5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML). 2 5.2 Attribute tables 4 6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers. 4 6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers 4 6.2 Spatial reference
12、systems using geographic identifiers 5 6.3 Gazetteers 5 7 Requirements for spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers 6 7.1 Attributes of a spatial reference system using geographic identifiers . 6 7.2 Attributes of a location type. 7 8 Requirements for gazetteers 9 8.1 Properties of a g
13、azetteer 9 8.2 Attributes of location instance 10 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites 13 Annex B (informative) Example spatial reference system using geographic identifiers 15 Annex C (informative) Examples of gazetteer data. 16 Bibliography . 19 Copyright American National Standards Institute
14、Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19112:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO me
15、mber bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governme
16、ntal and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Dire
17、ctives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bod
18、ies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19112 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/
19、Geomatics. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved vIntroduction Geographic information contains geospatial references tha
20、t relate the features and information represented in the data or text to positions in geographic space. Spatial references fall into two categories: a) those using coordinates; b) those using geographic identifiers. This International Standard deals only with spatial referencing by geographic identi
21、fiers. This type of spatial reference is sometimes called “indirect”. Spatial referencing by coordinates is the subject of ISO 19111. Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are not based explicitly on coordinates but on a relationship with a location defined by a geographic feature o
22、r features. The relationship of the position to the feature may be as follows: a) containment, where the position is within the geographic feature, for example in a country; b) based on local measurements, where the position is defined relative to a fixed point or points in the geographic feature or
23、 features, for example at a given distance along a street from a junction with another street; c) loosely related, where the position has a fuzzy relationship with the geographic feature or features, for example adjacent to a building or between two buildings. The purpose of this International Stand
24、ard is to specify ways to define and describe systems of spatial references using geographic identifiers. However, it only covers the definition and recording of the referencing feature, and does not consider the forms of the relationship of the position relative to that feature. Copyright American
25、National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted withou
26、t license from IHS-,-,-INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers 1 Scope This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes
27、a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers, defines the components of a spatial reference system and defines the essential components of a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate re
28、ferences is included. This International Standard enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the dev
29、elopment of other standards in the field of geographic information. This International Standard is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents. 2 Conformance Two classes of conformance are defi
30、ned for this International Standard: any spatial reference system for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the requirements described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.1. any gazetteer for which conformance with this document is claimed shall pass all the require
31、ments described in the abstract test suite given in Clause A.2. The definition of an abstract test suite is given in ISO 19105. 3 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
32、undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 19105:2000, Geographic information Conformance and testing ISO 19107:2003, Geographic information Spatial schema ISO 19111:2003, Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates ISO 191
33、15:2003, Geographic information Metadata Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19112:2003(E) 2 ISO 2003 All rights reserved4 Terms and definitions For the purposes
34、 of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 4.1 feature abstraction of real world phenomena NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or instance shall be used when only one is meant. ISO 19101: 2002 4.2 gazetteer directory of instances of a class or classes o
35、f features containing some information regarding position NOTE The positional information need not be coordinates, but could be descriptive. 4.3 geographic identifier spatial reference in the form of a label or code that identifies a location EXAMPLE “Spain” is an example of a country name; “SW1P 3A
36、D” is an example of a postcode. 4.4 location identifiable geographic place EXAMPLE “Eiffel Tower”, “Madrid”, “California” 4.5 spatial reference description of position in the real world NOTE This may take the form of a label, code or set of coordinates. 4.6 spatial reference system system for identi
37、fying position in the real world 5 Notation 5.1 Unified Modelling Language (UML) The diagrams that appear in this document are presented using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) static structure diagram with the ISO Interface Definition Language (IDL) basic type definitions and the UML Object Cons
38、traint Language (OCL) as the conceptual schema language. The UML notations used in this standard are described in Figure 1. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 1
39、9112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 3Figure 1 UML notation This International Standard defines the following UML packages: SI_Gazetteer; SI_LocationInstance; SI_LocationType. Reference is made to the following UML packages defined in other International Standards: EX_GeographicExtent, defined
40、in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003; EX_TemporalExtent, defined in the Extent package in ISO 19115:2003; CI_ResponsibleParty, defined in Citation in ISO 19115:2003; GM_Point, defined in the Geometry package in ISO 19107:2003; SC_CRS, defined in ISO 19111:2003. Copyright American National Standar
41、ds Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19112:2003(E) 4 ISO 2003 All rights reserved5.2 Attribute tables The tables of attributes that appear in this International Standard show the following elements
42、: element name: a label assigned to the element; description: the element description; obligation: whether the element shall always be recorded (M), or is optional (O), or is conditional on the stated condition being met (C); maximum occurrence: the number of instances that the element may have, one
43、 (1) or many (N); data type: a set of distinct values representing the element; domain: the values allowed or the use of free text. 6 Concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers 6.1 Spatial referencing using geographic identifiers The position of a feature is identified by a spatial
44、 reference. Where a geographic identifier is used as this spatial reference, it uniquely identifies a location. This location is a feature used to reference other features. NOTE The spatial reference of a feature in a geographic dataset is usually held as an attribute of the feature, and defines an
45、association with a location. The relationship with the location is usually that of containment within. However, more complex spatial references may be constructed using relationships such as “adjacent to” and “distance along” together with a measured distance and direction from the location identifi
46、ed. Reference systems for roads and railways are often based on a measured distance from one node (end point or intersection) along a link (road or track). The spatial reference system used in a dataset forms part of the metadata for that dataset, as defined in ISO 19115. These concepts are illustra
47、ted in Figure 2, which applies at both the type and instance level. Figure 2 The concepts of spatial referencing using geographic identifiers Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
48、from IHS-,-,-ISO 19112:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved 56.2 Spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers A spatial reference system using geographic identifiers comprises a related set of one or more location types, together with their corresponding geographic identifiers. These location types may be related to each other through aggregation or disaggregation, possibly forming a hierarchy. Examples of spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers are shown in Table 1. Table 1 E
