1、Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Published byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-599
2、7, USA Copyright 2005 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher.ANSI N42.13-2004(Revision of ANSI N42.13-1986)American N
3、ational StandardCalibration and Usage of“Dose Calibrator” Ionization Chambers for the Assay of RadionuclidesNational Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42Accredited by the American National Standards InstituteSecretariatInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncApproved 2 December
4、2004American National Standards InstituteCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-American National StandardAn American National Standard implies a c
5、onsensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public.The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved t
6、hestandard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notconforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned toobtain the latest editions.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may
7、 be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures ofthe American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reafrm, revise, or withdraw this standard nolater than ve years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive currentinformation on a
8、ll standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.iiCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHSForeword(This Foreword is not a pa
9、rt of ANSI N42.13-1986, American National Standard Calibration and Usage of Dose CalibratorIonization Chambers for the Assay of Radionuclides.)This revised standard is the responsibility of Accredited Standards Committee N42 on Radiation Instrumentation.Committee N42 delegated the development of the
10、 standard to its Subcommittee N42.2. Drafts were reviewed by themembers of Committee N42, Subcommittee N42.2, and by other interested parties. The comments received wereutilized in producing the standard as nally approved and issued. The revised standard was approved by CommitteeN42 letter ballot of
11、 December 30, 1984, with minor modications as submitted to the Committee N42 membership onAugust 29, 1984.At the time it approved this revised standard, the Accredited Standards Committee N42 on Radiation Instrumentationhad the following membership:Louis Costrell, Chair David C. Cook, Secretary Amer
12、ican Chemical Society. (Vacant)American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsJesse LiebermanAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association . (Vacant)American Nuclear Society .Frank ManningAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (Vacant)American Society of Safety Engineers (Vacant)Atomic Industr
13、ial Forum (Vacant)Health Physics Society. J. B. Horner KuperJack M. Selby (Alt)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .Louis CostrellDavid C. Cook (Alt)J. Forster (Alt)A. J. Spurgin (Alt)Instrument Society of America M. T. SlindJ. E. Kaveckis (Alt)Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryLee J. Wagner
14、Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Frank ManningD. J. Knowles (Alt)Scientic Apparatus Makers Association. (Vacant)UCLA Center for the Health Sciences.James E. McLaughlinUS Civil Defense Preparedness Agency Carl R. Siebentritt, JrUS Department of the Army, Materiel Command .Basil MarkowUS Department of Co
15、mmerce, National Bureau of Standards Louis CostrellUS Department of Energy Pollutant Characterization and Safety Research Division Gerald GoldsteinUS Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Edward C. Wenzinger, Sriii-,-,-The membership of Subcommittee N42.2 was as follows:F. X. Masse(Chairman)J. M. Robin Hutc
16、hinson, Secretary Ron AlthardtKarl AmlauerJohn H. BuchananRobert BurnsR. F. ColeyBert M. CourseyRod DaytonRoger FerrisJ. FloeckherR. J. GehrkeJames GibbsAllen GoldsteinDonald HamiltonDale HoppesDonald HorrocksA. JarvisDonald S. KearnsStephen M. KimY. KobayashiWilliam MacIntyreW. B. MannGerald Martin
17、, JrDavid V. MaudsleyPaul MurphyRalph NuelleM. J. OestmannJ. RingCarl W. SeidelS. S. YanivCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ivThe following pe
18、rsons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to the AccreditedStandards Committee N42:Joseph G. BellianO. W. Bilharz, JrLouis CostrellDavid C. CookJohn M. Gallagher, JrGerald GoldsteinJ. B. Horner KuperJesse LiebermanFrank ManningBasil MarkowJames E. McLaughlinRic
19、hard F. SheaCarl R. Siebentritt, JrM. T. SlindE. J. VallarioLee J. WagnerEdward C. Wenzinger, SrCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-vCopyright T
20、he Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHSCLAUSE PAGE1. Introduction.12. Scope.12.1 12.2 13. Definitions and References .23.1 Definitions 23.2 References 24. Procedur
21、e 24.1 General . 24.2 Initial Calibrations 24.3 Standard Sources 34.4 Assay 34.5 Performance Testing 44.6 Accuracy and Reproducibility . 45. Sources of Error 56. Precautions 56.1 Assay of a Radionuclide for Which No Standard or Calibration Setting Is Available 56.2 Nonlinearity Effect. 56.3 Radionuc
22、lidic Impurities 66.4 Beta-Particle Emitters 66.5 Low-Energy-Photon Emitters 66.6 Dissolved Gaseous Radionuclides . 66.7 Plate-Out of Radionuclides 76.8 Simulated Sources 7-,-,-viCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for Resa
23、leNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-American National StandardCalibration and Usage ofDose Calibrator IonizationChambers for the Assay of Radionuclides1. IntroductionThe wide range of calibrator-type instruments currently being used primarily for radionuclide assay
24、 in nuclearmedicine indicates the need for a standard for uniformity in measurement and test techniques. Such devices arecomposite systems consisting of an ionization chamber integrally coupled to appropriate electronic circuitry thatconverts the ionization current to a readout in units of activity.
25、 The principles of operation of the ionization chamberare well summarized in the NCRP Report No 58 11and will not be repeated here. Wide activity range and stabilityare useful characteristics of ionization chambers in this application. The advantages of this type of system forradionuclide assay incl
26、ude ease of use and interpretation.2. Scope2.1 This standard covers the technique for the quantication of the activity of identied radionuclides using any of avariety of ionization chambers currently available for this purpose. Application of the standard is limited toinstruments that incorporate we
27、ll-type ionization chambers as detectors.2.2 This standard provides a method for obtaining measurements that are accurate to within 10% and reproducible towithin 5% usually for sources of more than 100 mCi (3.7 106Bq). The standard is also intended to assurecontinuing performance of the apparatus wi
28、thin these specications. For purposes of this standard, accuracy andreproducibility are described in 4.6.1The numbers in brackets correspond to the references in 3.2.Copyright 1986 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1IEEE Std N42.13-1986 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD CALIBRATION AND USAGE OF Copyright The Instit
29、ute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS3. Definitions and References3.1 Definitionsaccuracy: Accuracy, usually described in terms of overall uncertainty, is the estimate of
30、 the overall possible deviationfrom the stated value. As used in this standard, the overall uncertainty is a total of the estimated error itemized inSection 5. plus the random uncertainty of the measurement.calibration: The process of determining the numerical relationship, within an overall stated
31、uncertainty, between theobserved output of a measurement system and the value, based on standard sources, of the physical quantity beingmeasured.shall: Indicates a recommendation that is necessary or essential to meet requirements of this standard.should: Indicates an advisory recommendation that is
32、 to be applied when practicable.simulated sources: Simulated sources usually contain long-lived radionuclides, alone or in combination, that arechosen to simulate, in terms of photon or particle emission, a short-lived radionuclide of interest.standard sources: A general term used to refer to the st
33、andard sources listed below:1) national radioactivity standard source. A calibrated radioactive source prepared and distributed as a standardreference material by the US National Bureau of Standards.2) certied radioactivity standard source. A calibrated radioactive source, with stated accuracy, whos
34、ecalibration is certied by the source supplier as traceable to the National Radioactivity MeasurementsSystem 2.3.2 References1 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. A Handbook of Radioactivity MeasurementsProcedures. NCRP Report no 58, 2nd ed, Washington, DC, 1985.2 CAVALLO, L.
35、M., COURSEY, B. M., GARFINKEL, S. B., HUTCHINSON, J. M. R., and MANN, W. B. Need forRadioactivity Standards and Measurements in Different Fields. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol 112, 1973,pp 518.4. Procedure4.1 GeneralInstruments shall be installed and operated in accordance with the manufactur
36、ers instructions.4.2 Initial CalibrationsInstruments shall be calibrated with identied radionuclide sources of known activity and established purity. Asdescribed in 4.4, calibrations should be performed with standard sources of each radionuclide of interest, if at allfeasible.4.2.1 GeometryThe depen
37、dence of the assay on the geometrical conguration and composition of the source container shall be takeninto consideration in the calibration procedure. Most manufacturers have adopted a calibration geometry using anominal 30 mL multidose vial with 20 mL of contents, and standard sources of this des
38、cription are generally available(usually in plastic containers).2 Copyright 1986 IEEE All Rights Reserved-,-,-“DOSE CALIBRATOR“ IONIZATION CHAMBERS FOR THE ASSAY OF RADIONUCLIDES IEEE Std N42.13-1986Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license w
39、ith IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Positioning of such vials in the detector well must be reproducible for such systems. Correction factors or newcalibrations shall be obtained for assaying radionuclides in containers of different sizes or shap
40、es. Such correctionfactors may be determined by measurement of the same quantity of a given radionuclide in containers of differentgeometry, with any necessary adjustment to the volume using the appropriate carrier solution. Correction factorssupplied by the manufacturer should also be checked as de
41、scribed above.4.2.2 Activity RangesCalibration of the equipment should cover as completely as practicable the activity ranges for which it will be used,particularly those ranges of activity of radionuclides to be administered to patients. Whenever measurements in thelow microcurie range are attempte
42、d, background corrections are imperative.4.2.3 Energy RangeCalibration shall be performed over the photon energy range of proposed application.4.2.4 Accuracy and ReproducibilityThe calibration procedures should be such that the accuracy and reproducibility of measurements made with thecalibrated ins
43、trument will be within the limits stated in 4.6.4.3 Standard SourcesSuitable standard sources characterized as to radionuclide purity and activity shall be used for routine calibration of theequipment. Correction for decay of a standard source since the time of standardization should be applied if m
44、ore than2% of a half life has expired.4.3.1 GeometryIdeally, to avoid the necessity for corrections, the geometry of the standard source should be identical to the geometryof the source to be assayed. Source manufacturers now offer standard sources that conform to the calibration geometrydescribed i
45、n 4.2.1.4.3.2 Activity RangeA suitable range of activities should be available for use. The selection of standard sources should take intoconsideration the accuracy required over the ranges of activity of radionuclides to be administered to patients.4.3.3 Energy RangeA suitable range of photon emiss
46、ion energies should be covered in the selection of standard sources. 125I (0.03 MeV)(0.05 10-13J), 57Co (0.12 MeV) (0.19 10-13J), 133Ba (0.36 Mev) (0.58 10-13J), and 137Cs (0.66 MeV) (1.06 10-13J) are representative of radionuclide sources of photons in the energy range typically used in nuclear med
47、icine.4.4 AssayRadionuclides shall be assayed in a properly calibrated instrument using an appropriate precalibrated radionuclidesetting or plug-in module. The activity of a radionuclide for which no setting or module is available may also beaccurately measured relative to a standard source of the s
48、ame radionuclide using any setting or module that yields ahigh enough reading to give reproducible results.Copyright 1986 IEEE All Rights Reserved 3IEEE Std N42.13-1986 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD CALIBRATION AND USAGE OF Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided
49、by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS4.5 Performance TestingRegular testing of the instrument performance is required to assure the accuracy of assays.4.5.1 Reference Source ChecksCalibration checks using a long-lived reference source shall be performed and logged on each work s
