1、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 1997 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1997. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 1-55937-884-0No part of this publicatio
2、n may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the publisher.ANSI N42.23-1986 (R2004)American National StandardMeasurement and AssociatedInstrument Quality Assurance for Radioassay LaboratoriesSponsorNational Committee on Radia
3、tion Instrumentation, N42accrediated by theAmerican National Standards InstituteSecretariatThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Approved 16 July 1996Reaffirmed 2 December 2004American National Standards InstituteAbstract: A framework that can be used to create a national or an
4、organizational NIST-traceable measure-ment quality assurance (MQA) program that will optimize the quality of radioassays performed by service lab-oratories is presented. This standard serves as a guide for MQA programs developed for specialized sectorsof the radioassay laboratory community, i.e., bi
5、oasssay, routine environmental monitoring, environmental res-toration and waste management, radiopharmaceuticals nuclear power radiochemistry, and other areas in-volved in radioassays.Keywords: Laboratory, measurement quality assurance, quality, quality assurance, quality control, radiationinstrumen
6、tation, radioactivity, radioassay laboratory, radioassays, radiometrologCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-IEEE Standardsdocuments are develope
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19、th IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not a part of ANSI N42.23-1996, American National Standard Measurement and Associated Instrument QualityAssurance for Radioassay Laboratories.)This standard is the responsib
20、ility of the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation,N42. Committee N42 delegated development of this standard to Subcommittee N42.RM. Drafts werereviewed by Committee N42, Subcommittee N42.RM, and other interested parties, and the commentsreceived were utilized in producing the
21、standard as finally approved. The standard was approved by N42 let-ter ballot of 2 March 1995, closed 15 December 1995.At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation,N42, had the following members:Louis Costrell,ChairLuigi Napoli,Administrative
22、 SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsJesse LiebermanBattelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Kenneth L. SwinthEG the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST); and the reference, monitoring, and service laboratori
23、esc) The protocol for the preparation and distribution of test media by the monitoring or referencelaboratoriesd) The bases for calculating the required accuracy and precision parameters of radioassaymeasurementse) The protocol for the evaluation and reporting of test resultsf) The protocol for the
24、assessment and evaluation of test results and reporting assessment findings bythe accrediting organizationg) Guidance for determining the decision limit concentration and the a priori minimum detectable con-centration for each radionuclide (see annex A)h) The requirements for reporting radioassay re
25、sults by service laboratories to the customeri) Eleven key elements of a viable QA program applicable to the service, monitoring, and referencelaboratoriesj) The QA and QC programs for the service, monitoring, and reference laboratoriesSince this is an umbrella MQA standard, no guidance or requireme
26、nts have been established for the mini-mum performance criteria of precision, accuracy, or detection limits applicable to the routine operation of aradioassay laboratory. However, this standard requires that the service laboratory and its client (either fromwithin the same company or governmental or
27、ganization, or external) establish precision, bias, detectionlimit, and other quality performance specifications for each radionuclide within a preprocessing agreementor contract. These quality performance specifications shall be related to the data quality objectives requiringthe radioassays. For r
28、adioassays requiring a quality measurement assurance program, this standard requiresthe use of a third-party monitoring laboratory to evaluate the ongoing capability of the service laboratory tomeet pre-established, contractual performance specifications. If agreed by the client and service laborato
29、ry,the internal QA program of the service laboratory may function as a monitoring laboratory as long as therequirements for the monitoring laboratory as established in this standard are met.This standard has outlined the minimum requirements necessary to maintain a viable measurement assur-ance prog
30、ram by a radioassay laboratory. As outlined in this standard, the testing of the reference, monitor-ing, and service laboratories to assay radionuclides specified in the various testing categories properly is for2ANSIINSTRUMENTATION QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR RADIOASSAY LABORATORIES N42.23-1996Copyright
31、The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-accreditation purposes only. This testing program has been developed to ensure that all radioassay laborato-ries have,
32、 at a minimum, radiation measurement instrumentation, representing each radioactive emissiontype, that has been calibrated with radioactive materials traceable to NIST. This testing is considered a mini-mum effort in the accreditation process. As stated previously, it is the responsibility of a pers
33、on or organiza-tion requiring radioassays to incorporate detailed performance specifications for each radionuclide andmatrix within a contract for the service laboratory. A monitoring laboratory shall be utilized to evaluate thecompliance by the service laboratory with the performance specifications
34、.Several annexes have been developed to provide additional background information, clarifications, and, insome cases, requirements of the standard. Annex A is considered part of this standard and, as such, therequirements specified shall be followed. Annexes B, C, and D provide information and guida
35、nce to supportthe general concepts and recommendations outlined in this standard.2. ReferencesThis standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. When the following standards aresuperseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply.ANSI N13.30-1996, American National S
36、tandard for Performance Criteria for Radiobioassay.1ANSI N343-1978 (Reaff 1984), American National Standard Internal Dosimetry for Mixed Fission andActivation Products. ANSI Z34.1-1993, American National Standard for CertificationThird-Party Certification Programs forProducts, Processes, and Service
37、s.ANSI/ASME N45.2.9-1979, Requirements for Collection, Storage and Maintenance of Quality AssuranceRecords for Nuclear Power Plants.2ANSI/ASME NQA-1-1994, Quality Assurance Program Requirements for Nuclear Facilities. ASTM E 29-93a, Standard Recommended Practice For Indicating Which Places Of Figure
38、s Are To Be Con-sidered Significant In Specified Limiting Value.3IEEE Std 1012-1986 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Standard for Software Verification and Validation Plans.4NBS IR 89-4125, Operational And Technical Requirements For Laboratory Accreditation Program For Per-sonnel Dosimetry Processors, July 1989.5
39、3. GlossaryThe following terms are of a restricted nature for the purposes of this standard. Terms defined in the Glos-sary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology B16are not defined in this standard.1ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute
40、, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor,New York, NY 10036, USA.2ASME publications are available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 22 Law Drive, Fairfield, NJ 07007, USA.3ASTM publications are available from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Consh
41、ohocken,PA 19428-2959, USA.4IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331, USA.5NBS publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 37082, Was
42、hington,DC 20013-7082, USA.6The numbers in brackets preceded by the letter B correspond to those of the bibliography in clause 6.3ANSIN42.23-1996 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD MEASUREMENT AND ASSOCIATEDCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license w
43、ith IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-3.1 Special word usageThe word “shall” is used to denote a requirement; the word “should” is used to denote a recommendation;and the word “may” is used to denote permission, neither a requirement nor a recomme
44、ndation. To conformto this standard, all radioassays shall be performed in accordance with its requirements, but not necessarilywith its recommendations; however, justification shall be documented for deviations from recommendations.3.2 Specific terms3.2.1 accreditation: The systematic and objective
45、 determination of the competence of a laboratory to per-form its services according to specific test methods/standards, made by a qualified accreditation body, andissuance of a certificate attesting to that competence by the body.3.2.2 audit: A planned and documented activity performed to determine
46、by investigation, examination, orevaluation of objective evidence the adequacy of and compliance with established procedures, instructions,drawings, and other applicable documents, and the effectiveness of implementation. An audit should not beconfused with surveillance or inspection activities perf
47、ormed for the sole purpose of process control or prod-uct acceptance. 3.2.3 analyte: The particular radionuclide(s) to be determined in a sample of interest. As a matter of claritywhen interpreting various clauses of this standard, a gamma-ray spectral analysis is considered one analyte.3.2.4 assess
48、ment: A planned and documented activity performed to determine whether various elementswithin a quality management system are effective in achieving stated quality objectives.3.2.5 accuracy: A concept employed to describe the dispersion of measurements with respect to a knownvalue. A measurement wit
49、h small systematic uncertainties is said to have high accuracy.3.2.6 average relative bias (Br): The average relative bias,Br, for a test category is calculated from the indi-vidual relative biases, Bri, and defined aswhereN is the maximum number of test samples measured by an individual service laboratory in a giventest category. The sample size N shall be at least five.i is the ith sample3.2.7 background: Ambient signal response, recorded by measuring instruments, that is independent ofradioactivity
