1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017Portable Primary Cells and Batteries withAqueous Electrolyte Safety StandardANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 American National Standard for Portable Primary Cells and Batteries with Aqueous ElectrolyteSafety Stand
2、ard Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved March 28, 2017 American National Standards Institute 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engag
3、ed in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. ANSI standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained here
4、in is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process to promote fairness in the development
5、 of consensus, it does not write the document, and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property,
6、or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy o
7、r completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers products or services by
8、virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this d
9、ocument should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other s
10、ources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for
11、 safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health- or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page i AMERICAN NATIO
12、NAL STANDARD Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. An American National Standard implies a c
13、onsensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly, and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple ma
14、jority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether s/he has approved the standard or not, fr
15、om manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. It is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The American National Standards Institute, Inc., does not develop standards and will in no ci
16、rcumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute, Inc. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to t
17、he secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on this title page. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute, Inc. require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this
18、standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, Inc. Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, VA 22209 2017 National Elec
19、trical Manufacturers Association All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American copyright conventions. No part of this publicatio
20、n may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page ii 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page iii 2017 N
21、ational Electrical Manufacturers Association CONTENTS Foreword . v 1 Introduction 1 2 Scope 1 3 Normative References . 1 4 Definitions 1 5 Requirements for Safety . 3 5.1 Design . 3 5.1.1 General 3 5.1.2 Battery Case 3 5.1.3 Venting 3 5.1.4 Temperature/Current management . 4 5.1.5 Multi-Cell Molded
22、Plastic Battery Enclosure . 4 5.1.6 Quality Assurance Plan . 4 6 Sampling for Type Approval . 5 7 Testing and Compliance (Verification) 5 7.1 General . 5 7.1.1 Test Temperature 5 7.2 Pretest Dimensions, Voltage, and Insulation Resistance Test Requirements . 5 7.2.1 Dimensions 5 7.2.2 Open Circuit Vo
23、ltage . 5 7.2.3 Closed Circuit Voltage . 5 7.2.4 Insulation Resistance Test 5 7.3 Intended Use Simulation Tests . 6 7.3.1 Test A: Partial Use 6 7.3.2 Test B: Vibration 7 7.3.3 Test C: Thermal Shock 8 7.3.4 Test D: Mechanical Shock . 8 7.4 Reasonably Foreseeable Misuse Tests . 9 7.4.1 Test E: Incorre
24、ct Installation 9 7.4.2 Test F: External Short-Circuit 10 7.4.3 Test G: Free Fall (User Drop) 11 7.4.4 Test H: Over-Discharge . 12 7.4.5 Test I: Crush 13 7.5 Design Consideration Tests . 14 7.5.1 Test J: Thermal Abuse 14 7.5.2 Test K: Mold Stress . 14 8 Information for Safety . 18 9 Instructions for
25、 Use . 19 10 Marking . 19 10.1 General . 19 10.2 Small Size Batteries 19 Annex A Guidance for Device Designers . 20 ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page iv 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Annex B Guidance for Packaging, Handling, and Transportation . 27 Annex C Compliance checklist . 29
26、Annex D Maximum temperature during usage 30 Annex E Bibliography . 31 TABLES Table 1 Vibration Test Sequence 7 Table 2 Shock Pulse . 9 Table 3 Tests Required for Single Cell Batteries 16 Table 4 Test References . 16 Table 5 Tests Required for Multi-Cell Batteries 17 Table A.1 Suggested Minimum Diame
27、ters for Coil Spring Wire 26 Table C.1 Compliance Checklist . 29 Table D.1 Recommended maximum temperatures 30 FIGURES Figure 1 Ingestion Gauge . 3 Figure 2 Circuit Diagram for Test E: Incorrect Installation 10 Figure 3 Circuit Diagram for Test F: External Short-Circuit 11 Figure 4 Circuit Diagram f
28、or Test H: Over-Discharge . 12 Figure 5 Example of Series Connection with One Battery Reversed . 20 Figure 6 Positive Contact, Contact Recessed Between Ribs . 22 Figure 7 Positive Contact, Recessed Aperture . 22 Figure 8 Negative Contact, Contact is “U” Shaped . 23 Figure 9 Battery Orientation Examp
29、les . 24 Figure 10A Example of a Short CircuitA Switch is Piercing the Battery Insulating Jacket 24 Figure 10B Example of Insulation to Prevent Short CircuitInsulating Material Positioned as Shown Prevents the Switch from Damaging the Battery Jacket . 25 Figure 11 Examples Showing Distorted Springs.
30、 25 Figure 12 One Example of Protected Insertion Design 26 ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page v 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard C18.1M, Part 2) In 1912, a committee of the American Electrochemical Society recommended sta
31、ndard methods to be used in testing dry cells. Their recommendations were followed five years later when the National Bureau of Standards (currently the National Institute of Standards and Testing) prepared specifications that included cell sizes, arrangement of cells within batteries, service tests
32、, and required performance. The need for continued revision to the specification led to the authorization, by the American Engineering Standards committee, of a permanent sectional committee on dry cells. This committee, C18, representing battery users, manufacturers, and government agencies, has re
33、mained active since that time. Committee C18 prepared ANSI Standard C18.1M, Part 2, upon which this document is originally based under the sponsorship of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). ANSI Standard C18.1M, Part 2 was created in parallel with the International Electrotechn
34、ical Commission (IEC) project to develop a product safety standard for primary batteries with aqueous electrolyte (IEC Publication 60086-5). This revision was undertaken to update the safety tests and content in ANSI Standard C18.1M, Part 2 and to keep them current with the best possible practices.
35、Suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 900, Rosslyn, VA 22209, Attention: Secretary ANSI ASC C18. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredit
36、ed Standards Committee C18 on Portable Cells and Batteries. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the C18 committee had the following members: Steven Wicelinski, Chairperson Marcus Booli
37、sh, Vice-chairperson Khaled Masri, Secretary Name of Representative: Organization Represented: Heather Peterson Batteries Plus Bulbs David Grandin Bureau Veritas Consumer Product Services S. Keel Kelly Consultant Robert Coughlin Consumer Product Integrity Consulting, LLC Steven Wicelinski Duracell,
38、Inc. Marcus Boolish Energizer Brands, LLC Carin Stuart Energizer Brands, LLC (Alt.) Douglas Golde Fisher-Price Thomas OHara Intertek Rich Byczek Intertek (Alt.) Charles Monahan Panasonic Corporation of North America Jody Leber SGS North America John Hadley Spectrum Brands, Inc. Denis Carpenter Spect
39、rum Brands, Inc. (Alt.) ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page vi 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Andy Roszkowski Spectrum Brands, Inc. (Alt.) Laurie Florence UL LLC Jeff Ortega ZPower, LLC Tim Powers ZPower, LLC (Alt.) The members of Subcommittee C18-5 on Safety Standards who contributed
40、to the development of this standard are: Carin Stuart, Chairperson Tom OHara, Vice-chairperson Khaled Masri, Secretary Jeff Becker Marcus Boolish Rich Byczek Denis Carpenter Robert Coughlin Laurie Florence Douglas Golde David Grandin John Hadley Ray Iveson S. Keel Kelly Jody Leber Charles Monahan Th
41、omas OHara Jeff Ortega Tim Powers Andy Roszkowski John Rotondo Carin Stuart Steven Wicelinski ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page 1 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1 Introduction The concept of safety is closely related to safeguarding the integrity of people and property. This standard
42、 defines performance requirements for primary batteries with aqueous electrolyte to ensure their safe operation under normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. Safety is a balance between freedom from risk of harm and other demands to be met by the product. There can be no absolute safety. Even
43、at the highest level of safety, the product can only be relatively safe. In this respect, decision-making is based on risk evaluation and safety judgment. As safety will pose different problems, it is impossible to provide a set of precise provisions and recommendations that will apply in every case
44、. This may be particularly true for button type batteries. However, this standard, when followed on a judicious “use when applicable” basis, will provide reasonably consistent standards for safety. 2 Scope This American National Standard specifies tests and requirements for portable primary batterie
45、s with aqueous electrolyte and zinc anode (non-lithium) to ensure their safe operation under normal use and reasonably foreseeable misuse. For reference, the chemical systems standardized in ANSI C18.1M, Part 1 are: a. Carbon Zinc (Leclanch and Zinc Chloride types); b. Alkaline Manganese Dioxide; c.
46、 Silver Oxide; d. Zinc air; e. Nickel Oxy-Hydroxide. 3 Normative References The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are sub
47、ject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. ANSI C18.1M, Part 1, American National Standard for Portable Primary Cells and Batteries with Aque
48、ous ElectrolyteGeneral and Specifications 4 Definitions For the purposes of this American National Standard, the following definitions apply. battery: One or more cells, including case, terminals, and marking. battery, button: Small round battery, where the overall height is less than the diameter.
49、battery, cylindrical: A battery, with cylindrical geometry, where the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter. battery, portable: A battery that is easily hand carried. battery, prismatic: A battery with non-round geometry. cell, primary: A source of electrical energy obtained by the direct conversion of chemical energy that is not designed to be charged by any other electrical source. ANSI C18.1M, Part 2-2017 Page 2 2017 National Electrical Manufacturers Association fire: Combustion of cell/battery components with emission of flame. harm: Physical
