1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003Electric lamps Procedures for Incandescent Lamp Sample Preparation and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching ProcedureANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 2003 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA A
2、merican National Standard Approved September 11, 2003 Secretariat: ANSLG National Electrical Manufacturers Association for Electric Lamps Procedures for Incandescent Lamp Sample Preparation and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure An American National Standard implies a consensus of those
3、substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. It is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, mar
4、keting, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. Users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standa
5、rd. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American Nati
6、onal Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyr
7、ight 2003 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA iiAmerican National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is est
8、ablished when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be
9、 considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using product
10、s, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of
11、 an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn a
12、t any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Sta
13、ndards Institute. Printed and Distributed by Information Handling Services/Global Engineering Documents 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, CO 80112-5776 Under Contract with National Electrical Manufacturers Association Copyright 2003 by American National Standard Lighting Group In Affiliation with Na
14、tional Electrical Manufacturers Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 200
15、3 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA iiiTable of contents Foreword. .iv 1 Scope. 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Definitions 6 4 General requirements 6 5 Lamp preparation. 6 6 Leaching 8 7 Filtration. 8 8 Storage of the leachate . 8 9 Vessel cleaning 9 ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 20
16、03 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA iv Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003). Suggestions for improvement of this standard should be submitted to the Secretariat C78, American National Standard Lighting Group of the National Electrical
17、Manufacturers Association, 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209. This standard was processed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) on Electric Lamps, C78. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for that approval.
18、 Much attention continues to be focused on the disposal of mercury containing lamps. The United States Environmental Protection Agencys Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is used at both the Federal level and by most states to determine whether or not spent incandescent lamps should b
19、e classified as hazardous waste. This Standard was developed by technical experts in the lamp industry to establish a uniform method of sample preparation for incandescent lamps in order to minimize the inherent variability associated with TCLP testing of such lamps. This document also specifies oth
20、er important aspects related to the leaching process that are not specifically defined for lamps by the EPA SW-846, “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (Physical/Chemical Methods),” but that have been shown in practice to contribute to test variability, if not properly controlled. Information c
21、oncerning the approval of this standard is based on the documents listed in the table below: Amendment / Change CDV RV First Edition 78(1)/4084 78(1)/4085 At the time it approved this standard the ASC 78 Committee had the following members: Al Rousseau, Chair, C78 Al Rousseau, Technical Coordinator
22、Randolph N. Roy, Secretariat Ken Denton, Consulting Editor Organization Represented: Name of Representative: Advance Transformer Company.Bob Erhardt Edison Electric Institute William Maguire (Delegate) General Electric .Edward Yandek Selmar Dorsey (alt) GE Lighting Systems Rebecca Lancaster Mike Owe
23、ns (alt) Holophane Lighting Co.Michael Tanner Illuminating Engineering Society.Rita M. Harrold InterTek Testing Services, Inc.David Ellis Magnetek.William Brosius National Electrical Manufacturers AssociationWilliam E. Buckson (Delegate) Fred Carpenter (alt Delegate) OSRAM SYLVANIA Peter Bleasby Dav
24、id Mullen Philips Lighting Company Al Rousseau Underwriters Laboratories Inc. David Belt ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 2003 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA 5AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD for Electric Lamps- Procedures for Incandescent Lamp Sample Preparation and the Toxicity Charac
25、teristic Leaching Procedure 1 Scope Procedures for preparation of incandescent lamps for Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) are presented below. These procedures are intended to supplement the TCLP by supplying specific instructions for size reduction and for other critical procedures
26、 specific to the testing of incandescent lamps. This standard specifically covers common incandescent lamp types. Additional standards have been prepared or are in preparation for fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, and other types that require specific sample preparation instructions
27、 because of their design or construction. The protocol that follows is grouped to include general requirements, lamp preparation, leaching, filtration, storage, and leaching vessel reuse. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constit
28、ute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editio
29、ns of the standards indicated below. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP),” 55 FR 126, pp. 26987-26998, June 29, 1990 United States Environmental Protection Agency - SW-846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 2003 by Ameri
30、can National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA 63 Definitions Incandescent lamp: A light source in which a filament is heated to incandescence by an electric current to produce light. See Figure 1 for a diagram of an incandescent lamp with the various parts mentioned in this Standards Publication labeled.
31、 Contact Button(Eyelet)BaseEnvelopeStem GlassInsulatingGlassLead WiresFilamentFigure 1Incandescent Lamp 4 General requirements TCLP is to be performed on the entire lamp(s). A single leaching vessel large enough to contain an amount equal to 20 times the weight of the lamp(s) is recommended. In case
32、s where the weight of a single whole lamp is less than 100 grams, a number of whole lamps must be combined to provide a sample of at least 100 grams. All lamp components must be reduced in size to pass through a 0.95 cm (3/8 in) sieve. 5 Lamp preparation WARNING! Safety procedures shall be observed
33、in carrying out the procedures given in this section. Safety glasses, gloves, and laboratory coats shall be worn at all times. 5.1 Clean the exterior of the lamp using a paper towel, wetted with water and/or an 80% water and 20% acetone combination. This solution is useful to remove any debris, part
34、icularly if wax or grease is present on the surface of the lamp. Wipe the surface dry with a second paper towel. ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 2003 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA 75.2 Weigh the lamp (in g). A photocopy of the monogram may be made for record-keeping if necessary
35、. 5.3 Obtain the weight (in tare) of a suitably sized leaching vessel with corresponding lid, such as but not limited to those in Table 1.1 Table 1 Suitable Vessels for Leaching Volume Manufacturer Catalog number 2 L Nalgene 2115-2000 (PP) 4 L Cole Parmer H-06025-70 (HDPE) 8 L Cole Parmer H 06029-50
36、 (PP) 8 L Bel Art F10917 (PP) 5.4 Perform the following steps to transfer the entire contents of the lamp to the leaching vessel: 5.4.1 Score the lamp envelope just above the metal base using a diamond or carbide tipped scoring tool. 5.4.2 In order to separate the metal base from the lamp envelope,
37、use of a Weller soldering gun (300 W), or equivalent, is recommended. The Weller soldering gun shall not have been previously used with lead solder. 5.4.3 Hold the soldering gun on the scored glass while gently rotating about the score. This will result in a clean break into the glass envelope and t
38、he metal base, plus the lead wires and filament(s). 5.4.4 Place the glass envelope into the leaching vessel. In cases where the envelope is too large to enter the vessel mouth, it may be fractured by wrapping in plastic-lined paper and striking with a hammer; the fractured pieces then being placed i
39、n the leaching vessel. Carefully rinse the bench paper with leaching fluid (normally fluid #1) to transfer all the pieces to the vessel 5.4.5 Wrap the stem glass/base assembly in plastic-lined paper and fracture it by striking with a hammer. Using tin snips, cut the lead wires to separate the stem g
40、lass and lead-wire assembly from the base. Place the glass pieces and lead-wire assembly into the leaching vessel. 5.4.6 Using tin snips, cut the metal base into pieces of the TCLP recommended size of 0.95 cm (3/8 in) and place all pieces in the vessel. This procedure will break up the base cement a
41、nd free the insulating glass and contact button. 5.4.7 Cut the contact button to the TCLP recommended size and place the pieces into the vessel. 1Suitable vessels may be made of borosilicate glass, high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polytetrafluoroeth
42、ylene (PTFE), and should be of 2, 4, or 8 liter capacity. Suitable vessels include (but are not limited to) those in Table 1. ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 2003 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEMA 85.4.8 Fracture the insulating glass into pieces of the TCLP recommended size by wrapp
43、ing it in plastic-lined paper and striking with a hammer. Place the pieces into the vessel. 5.4.9 Once the whole lamp is in the vessel, cap the vessel and vigorously shake the contents for at least two minutes. Shaking the vessel shall be performed by holding the ends (bottom and cap) with the hand,
44、 and vigorously moving the vessel away from and towards the body for at least two minutes. The shaking insures the sizing of the pieces to the TCLP recommended size of 0.95 cm (3/8 in). 5.4.10 Weigh and add the appropriate amount (20 times the lamp weight) of the proper leaching fluid (normally flui
45、d #1) to the vessel so that the total weight includes the amount of leaching fluid used in 5.4.4 Refer to SW-846 for details. 5.4.11 The threads of the lid shall be wiped before tightening. A strap wrench may be used to tighten the lid, and duct tape (on the outside of the cap) or Teflon tape (on th
46、e threads) may also be applied to prevent leakage 6 Leaching 6.1 The vessels shall be placed in a rotary tumbler (end-over-end) and be tumbled at a rate of 30 2 revolutions per minute for 18 2 hours. 6.2 The temperature of the room shall be 23 2 C. 6.3 After approximately one hour, examine the vesse
47、l(s) and if foaming is present crack the seal to relieve any excess pressure. 7 Filtration 7.1 Samples may be left to settle for as long as 30 minutes to allow for easier filtration. Immediately decant, after settling, an appropriate amount (a minimum of 150 ml), and filter as soon as possible, but
48、not more than two hours after the leaching step has been completed. 7.2 Filtering shall be performed using pressure filtration per standard EPA TCLP procedure using recommended materials. 7.3 The pH of the filtered leachate shall be recorded prior to storage at 4 C or prior to analysis (if immediate
49、ly analyzed). 8 Storage of the leachate 8.1 All samples should be acidified to a pH of less than 2 and held at 4 C until analysis. Acidify using approximately 2 ml concentrated nitric acid to 150 ml of leachate; then test with pH paper. Samples may be held in this manner for as many as 28 days. 8.2 Warm to room temperature (around 20 C) prior to taking an aliquot for analysis. 8.3 Analysis of the samples shall be made according to EPAs SW-846 procedure. ANSI/NEMA C78.LL 4-2003 Copyright 2003 by American National Standard Lighting GroupNEM
