1、ANSUNISO 239.2-1994 (Revision of ANSI 239.2-1985) ISSNo 1041-5653 Information Interchange Format Abstract: This standard specifies the requirements for a generalized inter- change format that will accommodate data describing all forms of material. It describes a generalized structure designed specif
2、ically for exchange of data between processing systems and not necessarily for use as a processing format within systems. It may be used for the communication of records in any media. An American National Standard Developed by the National Information Standards Organization Approved April 13,1994 by
3、 the American National Standards Institute Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. Published by NISO Press P.O. Box 1056 Bethesda, MD 20827 Copyright 01994 by the National Information Standards Organization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may b
4、e reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, P.O. Box 1056, Bethesda, MD 2082
5、7. ISSN: 1041-5653 ISBN: 1-880124-08-4 Printed in the United States of America 09 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). O Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Information Standards Organization (U.S.) Standards Organization. Informat
6、ion interchange format / developed by the National Information p. cm. - (National information standards series, ISSN 1041-5653) “Approved . . . by the American National Standards Institute.” ”ANSI /NISO 239.2- 1994. ” ISBN 1-880124-08-4 1. Machine-readable bibliographic data-Standards-United States.
7、 2. Ex- change of bibliographic information-Standards-United States. 3. Museum reg- istration methods-Data processing-Standards-United States. I. American Na- tional Standards Institute. II. Title. III. Series. 2699.35.WBN38 1994 94-9641 025.31 6-dc20 CIP ANSI/NISO 239.2-1994 Contents Foreword . iv
8、1 . Scope and Field of Application 1 2 . Referenced American National Standards . 1 3 . Definitions 1 4 . Information Interchange Format . 2 4.1. Schematic Representation 2 4.2. Leader 2 4.2.1. Record Length 2 4.2.2. Status 3 4.2.3. Type of Record . 3 4.2.5. Indicator Count 3 4.2.6. Identifier Lengt
9、h . 3 4.2.7. Base Address of Data . 3 4.2.9. Entry Map . 3 4.3. Directory . 4 4.3.1. Entries 4 4.3.1.1. Tag . 4 4.3.1.2. Length of Field . 4 4.3.1.3. Starting Character Position 5 4.3.1.4. Implementation-Defined Portion 5 4.3.2. Sequence of Entries 5 4.4. Variable Fields . 5 4.4.1. Sequence of Varia
10、ble Fields 5 4.4.2. Control Fields . 5 4.4.3. Data Fields . 5 4.4.3.1. Indicators 6 4.4.3.2. Data Element Identifiers . 6 4.5. Record Terminator 6 4.2.4. Implementation-Defined Positions 3 4.2.8. Implementation-Defined Positions 3 4.4.3.3. Multiple Data Elements 6 5 . Other Related American National
11、 Standards 6 Figures Figure 1 Schematic Representation of the Information Interchange Format . 3 Figure 2 Schematic Representation of the Leader . 3 Figure 3 Entry Map 4 Figure 4 Structure of Each Entry in the Directory . 4 Figure 5 Structure of a Variable Data Field 5 Foreword (This foreword is not
12、 part of the American National Standard for Information Interchange Format, ANSI/NISO 239.2-1994. It is included for information only.) 239.2 is one of the standards that is critical to the implementation of automation for storing, transfer- ring, and retrieving bibliographic information. It was fir
13、st issued in 1971. This 1994 edition intro- duces two changes: (1) removal of restrictions on character positions 07-09 in the record leader; and (2) a reduction of references to “bibliographic“ data because the standard is used for many other types of data, even within the information community. Th
14、is standard was originally prepared in 1966 by Subcommittee 2 on Machine Input Records of the American National Standards Committee 239. The Subcommittee on Machine Input Records was orga- nized in February 1966 to define a format for the interchange of bibliographic records on magnetic tape. In its
15、 work, the subcommittee sought to en- sure that: (1) the format would be hospitable to all kinds of bibliographic information and related data; (2) the format would be hardware indepen- dent; (3) the structure of all records would be basically identical and would include sufficient control informati
16、on to specify unique character- istics; and (4) methods of recording and identify- ing data would provide for maximum manipula- bility leading to ease of conversion to other for- mats. The completed standard, ANSI 239.2-1971, was approved by the 239 Standards Committee in March 1969 and by the Ameri
17、can National Standards Institute on July 14,1970. The Subcommittee on Machine Input Records was reconvened in 1974 for the purpose of conducting the required periodic review and revision of this standard. The principal change introduced in that revision, approved as ANSI 239.2-1979, was the addition
18、 of an optional user-defined portion to the directory entry and the concomitant withdrawal of the requirement that entries have a length of 12 characters. This change was motivated byconsider- ation of the problem of expressing relationships within a record. Redefinition of the directory entry did n
19、ot render nonstandard any existing implemen- tation of ANSI 239.2-1971. The other changes made to the format in 1979 in- cluded: (1) the reservation of additional tags for control fields; (2) the restriction of characters that may be used in tags to alphanumeric characters; (3) the specification of
20、characters for the delimiter, the field terminator, and the record terminator (these specifications were given in Appendix Al of ANSI 239.2-1971); and (4) the use of a field terminator and a record terminator after the final variable field. The appendixes on implementations that were pub- lished wit
21、h the originalversion of the standard were deleted in 1979 as unnecessary because of the ap- pearance of extensive documentation for various implementations since the standard was first ap- proved. In 1985, in response to a review of the standard, the following changes were made: (1) removal of the
22、restriction on the use of 003; and (2) expansion of the possible leader and data element identifier code values from ASCII basic characters to any ASCII graphic character (described in American National Standard Code for Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1977). These changes brought the standard in
23、toconformity with the existinghternationalstan- dard IS0 2709, Documentation-Format for Biblio- graphic Information Interchange onMagnetic Tape. NISO acknowledges with thanks and appreciation the contributions of Sally H. McCallum, Chief, Network Development and MARC Standards Of- fice, Library of C
24、ongress, in revising this standard. Suggestions for improving this standard are wel- come. They should be sent to the National Informa- tion Standards Organization, P.O. Box 1056, Be- thesda, MD 20827, telephone (301) 975-2814. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Na
25、tional Information Stan- dards Organization. NISO approval of this stan- dard does not necessarily imply that all Voting Members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, NISO had the following members: (continued) Page iv ANSUNISO 239.2-1994 FOREWORD NISO Voting Members America
26、n Association of Law Libraries Gary J. Bravy American Chemical Society Robert S. Tannehill, Jr. Leon R. Blauvelt (Alt) American Library Association Jean Hamrick Sally H. McCallum (Alt) Lois Granick Maurine F. Jackson (Alt) Clifford Lynch Jessica Milstead Nancy Mulvany J. Raymond Vandegrift Mike Lawl
27、er American Psychological Association American Society for Information Science American Society of Indexers American Theological Library Association Apple Computer, Inc. Art Libraries Society of North America Patricia J. Bamett Pamela J. Parry (Alt) Sandra K. Paul Thomas D. McKee (Alt) Mary Lou Menc
28、hes Bruce H. Kiesel Association of American Publishers (AAP) Association of American University Presses Association of Information and Dissemination Centers Association for Information and Image Management Association of Jewish Libraries Marilyn Courtot Bella Hass Weinberg Pearl Berger (Alt) Gerald
29、D. Gibson Donald McCormick (Alt) Association of Research Libraries Duane Webster The Association for Recorded Sound Collections AT the two directory entries, positions 24-35 and 36-47; the directory field terminator, position 48. Consequently the base address of data for the record is 49.) Character
30、-A pattern of bits of a determined length (depending on the system) treated as a meaningful unit. Communications format-See information inter- change format. Control field-A variable field containing para- metric or other data which may be required for the processing of the record. Control number-A
31、character string uniquely as- sociated with a record by the organization trans- mitting the record. Data element-A defined unit of information. Data element identifier-A code consisting of one or more characters used to identify individual data elements within a variable field. Data field-Avariable
32、field containing data gener- ally not intended to supply parameters for the processing of the record. See also control field. Delimiter-ASCII character 1/15, which is used in this standard as an initiator, a separator, or a termi- nator of individual data elements within a variable field. (The notat
33、ion given for the delimiter is that prescribed by ANSI X3.4, in which this character is named ”unit separator.”) Directory-An index to the location of the variable fields (control and data) within a record. The directory consists of fixed fields called entries. Entry-A field within the directory giv
34、ing infor- mation about a variable field. (Within the text of this standard, the word ”entry” always refers to a field in the directory. Since the word has other meanings, the phrase ”directory entry” may be required for clarity in general use.) Entry map-A set of parameters specifying the structure
35、 of the entries in the directory. Field-A defined character string that may contain one or more data elements. See also control field, data field, fixed field, and variable field. example, the relationship of a series to its individual vol- umes); horizontal relationships between versions of a work
36、in different languages, formats, or media; and chronological relationships between issues of a work (for example, the relationship of a serial to its predecessors and successors). Relationships may also be recorded between different types of units: bibliographic, holdings, items, documents, etc. l T
37、he standard accommodates the description or identifica- tion of an entity independently or in relation to other entities. It does not specify a particular method for recording such relationships. For bibliographic data, for example, many types of relationships may exist, among them vertical or hiera
38、rchical relationships between a whole and its parts (for Page 1 DEFINITIONS ANSUNISO 239.2-1994 Field terminator (FIFASCIIcharacter 1 /14, which is used to terminate each variable field within 3 record. (The notation given for the field terminator is that prescribed by ANSI X3.4, in which this chara
39、cter is named ”record separator.”) File-A collection of related records. Fixed field-A field whose length is invariant, being determined for all occurrences by provisions of this standard or by definitions pertinent to a particular implementation. (Note: an implementa- tion of this standard may fix
40、the length of a variable field for that implementation.) Record terminator (RT)-ASCII character 1 /13, which is used as the final character of a record, following the field terminator of the last data field. (The notation given for the record terminator is that prescribed by ANSI X3.4, in which this
41、 character is named ”group separator.”) RT-See record terminator. Slatus-A parameter indicating the relation of the record to a file (for example, new, updated, delete, etc.). Structure-The framework of fixed and variable fields within a record. Format-The arrangement and identification of data in a
42、 record. Subfield-A data element considered as a compo- nent of a field. FT-See field terminator. identifier length-Aparameter whose value gives the length of the delimiter plus the data element identifier(s) used within the record. (The values Subrecord-A group of fields within a record that may be
43、 treated as a logical entity. (When a record describes more than one entity, the descriptions of individual entities may be treated as subrecords.) that the identifier-length parameter may assume are given in section 4.2.6.) Tag-A character string used to identify or label an associated variable fie
44、ld. Indicator-A one-character data element that is associated with a data field and that supplies addi- tional information about the field. When indicators are present, they are the first data elements in the field. Type of record-A parameter that specifies the characteristics and defines the compon
45、ents of the record. Variable field-A field whose length is determined for each occurrence by the lengthof data compris- ing that occurrence. Indicator count-A parameter whose value is the number of indicators associated with each data field. Informalion interchange format-A format or the exchange, r
46、ather than the local processing, of records. 4, Information Interchange Format 4.1. Schematic Representation The interchange format is schematically repre- Interchange format-See information interchange format. sented in Figure 1. Leader-A fixed field that occurs at the beginning 4.2. Leader of each
47、 record and provides parametric Lforma- tion for the processing of the record. The leader shall comprise the first 24 character positions (0-23) of the record. It is shown schemati- Length-A measure of the size of a data element, field, record, etc. Unless otherwise indicated, length in this standar
48、d is expressed in characters. 4.2.1. Record Length Parameter-A variable in a record that is given a constant value for the purpose of interpreting and processing that record. ally in Figure 2. The value of the record-length parameter shall occupy character positions 0-4 of the record. It shall be a
49、five-digit decimal number equal to the length of the record, including the record length and the record terminator. In the interchange format, the maximum length of the record shall be 99,999 char- Record-A collection of data elements, organized according to the provisions of this standard. Record length-A parameter whose value is equal to the length of the entire record, including the record terminator. acters. (The regord length described here is a logical record length for use by application programs and is not the means of communicating record length Page 2 ANSIINISO 239.2-1994 INFORMAT
