1、 ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 ISSN: 1041-5653 Specifications for the Digital Talking Book Abstract: This standard defines the format and content of the electronic file set that comprises a digital talking book (DTB) and establishes a limited set of requirements for DTB playback devices. It uses established
2、 and new specifications to delineate the structure of DTBs whose content can range from XML text only, to text with corresponding spoken audio, to audio with little or no text. DTBs are designed to make print material accessible and navigable for blind or otherwise print-disabled persons. An America
3、n National Standard Developed by the National Information Standards Organization Approved April 21, 2005 by the American National Standards Institute Published by the National Information Standards Organization NISO Press, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. About NISO Standards NISO standards are developed
4、by the Standards Committees of the National Information Standards Organization. The development process is a strenuous one that includes a rigorous peer review of proposed standards open to each NISO Voting Member and any other interested party. Final approval of the standard involves verification b
5、y the American National Standards Institute that its requirements for due process, consensus, and other approval criteria have been met by NISO. Once verified and approved, NISO Standards also become American National Standards. This standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. For current info
6、rmation on the status of this standard contact the NISO office or visit the NISO website at: http:/www.niso.org Published by NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814 www.niso.org Copyright 2005 by the National Information Standards Organization All rights reserved under Internat
7、ional and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inqui
8、ries should be addressed to NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814. ISSN: 1041-5653 National Information Standards Series ISBN: 1-880124-63-7 ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 2005 NISO i Contents Page Preface to 2005 Edition . iv Foreword iv 1 General Information 1 1.1 Purpose and Scop
9、e of Standard . 1 1.2 Definitions 1 1.3 Strategy . 4 1.4 Accessibility Issues 4 1.5 Relationship to Other Specifications . 5 1.5.1 Relationship to Unicode 5 1.6 Patent Rights . 5 1.7 Maintenance Agency. 5 2 Overview 5 3 The DTB Package File 7 3.1 Package Identity 8 3.2 Publication Metadata . 9 3.2.1
10、 Dublin Core Metadata. 9 3.2.2 DTB ID Scheme 12 3.2.3 X-Metadata . 12 3.3 Manifest . 15 3.3.1 Allowed Characters in File Names . 17 3.3.2 Case Sensititivty of URIs 18 3.4 Spine 18 3.5 Tours 19 3.6 Guide . 19 4 Content Format for Text 19 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Using the DTBook Element Set. 20 4.2.1
11、DTBook Markup Related to SMIL. 20 4.2.2 Modular Extension of the DTD . 21 5 Audio File Formats 22 5.1 Distribution Formats 22 5.2 Formats for Audio Notes 23 6 Image File Formats 23 ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 ii 2005 NISO 7 Synchronization of Media Files 23 7.1 Introduction 23 7.1.1 Background.23 7.1.2 SM
12、IL Modules .24 7.2 Application of SMIL to DTBs 25 7.3 SMIL Elements.26 7.3.1 Core Attributes 32 7.3.2 xml:lang Attribute 32 7.4 SMIL Requirements for DTBs 32 7.4.1 “Escapable“ Structures .32 7.4.2 Automatic Invocation of Special Navigation Modes33 7.4.3 “Skippable“ Structures 33 7.4.4 Packaging File
13、s across Several Media Units34 7.4.5 Links34 7.4.6 Layout Syntax .34 7.4.7 Content of s .34 7.4.8 Notes and Annotations in SMIL 34 7.4.9 Images in SMIL .35 7.4.10 Text-Only DTBs .35 7.4.11 Producer Pauses .35 7.5 SMIL Metadata.35 7.6 Examples .36 7.7 Media Clipping and Clock Values 40 7.8 End Attrib
14、ute Values 41 7.8.1 Allowed End Values 42 7.8.2 Computing the Active Duration .42 7.8.3 Processing Nested Structures 42 8 Navigation Control File (NCX) 43 8.1 Introduction 43 8.2 Key NCX Requirements.43 8.3 NCX Elements43 8.4 Other File Requirements50 8.4.1 Navigation Metadata .50 8.4.2 DTBs Spannin
15、g Multiple Media Units .51 8.4.3 playOrder Attribute51 8.4.4 smilCustomTest Element 51 8.4.5 Enabling Page Navigation.52 8.5 How the NCX Works 52 8.6 Example .53 9 Portable Bookmarks and Highlights 56 9.1 Introduction 56 9.2 Bookmark/Highlight Elements57 9.3 Examples .61 ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 2005 N
16、ISO iii 10 Resource File 63 10.1 Introduction 63 10.2 Resource Elements . 64 10.3 Resource File Requirements. 66 10.4 Examples. 68 11 Packaging Files for Distribution 70 11.1 Introduction 70 11.2 Distribution Requirements .70 11.3 DistInfo Elements 71 11.4 Examples. 75 12 Presentation Styles 77 12.1
17、 Introduction 77 12.2 Implementing Style Sheets for DTBs 78 13 Content Rendering 78 14 Digital Rights Management 79 15 Time-Scale Modification 79 16 Conformance 79 16.1 General File Conformance Requirements. 79 17 References to Other Specifications/Documents 80 17.1 Normative References. 80 17.2 Inf
18、ormative References . 81 Appendices 83 Appendix 1 : Document Type Definitions (DTDs) 83 Appendix 2 : Designation of Maintenance Agency 83 ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 iv 2005 NISO Preface to 2005 Edition (This preface is not a part of ANSI/ Z39.86-2005, Specifications for the Digital Talking Book. It is in
19、cluded for information only.) ANSI/NISO Z39.86 was first released in 2002. Preparation of this version of the standard was prompted by several factors: first, a desire to stay abreast of current practices in related standards and specifications; second, a need to clarify a few ambiguities present in
20、 the first release; and third, the wish to add enhancements requested by those using, or planning to use, the standard. A variety of changes stemming from all of the above reasons were made. Some of the more significant enhancements are listed below: Producer-controlled pauses. These allow a DTB aut
21、hor to cause the presentation to pause at specified points and wait for a user action. This function could be used in workbooks when the user needs to, for example, explore a model before continuing. A more robust method of ensuring that players can maintain their location when navigation methods ar
22、e mixed A cleaner mechanism for enabling direct access to pages New elements for marking up a textual content file A more efficient method of identifying individual books when more than one is present on a single piece of media Individual changes made to the standard are described in comments that c
23、an be viewed by reading the HTML version in an HTML authoring tool or with a text editor. Foreword (This foreword is not a part of ANSI/ Z39.86-2005, Specifications for the Digital Talking Book. It is included for information only.) This standard presents specifications for digital talking books (DT
24、Bs) for blind, visually impaired, physically handicapped, learning-disabled, or otherwise print-disabled readers. For many years, “talking books“ have been made available to print-disabled readers on analog media such as phonograph records and audiocassettes. These media serve their users well in pr
25、oviding human-speech recordings of a wide array of print material in increasingly robust and cost-effective formats. However, analog media are limited in several respects when compared to a print book. First, they are by their nature linear presentations, which leave much to be desired when reading
26、reference works, textbooks, magazines, and other materials that are often accessed randomly. In contrast, digital media offer readers the ability to move around in a book or magazine as freely as (and more efficiently than) a sighted reader flips through a print book. Second, analog recordings do no
27、t allow users to interact with the book by placing bookmarks or highlighting material. A DTB offers this capability, storing the bookmarks and highlights separate from, but associated with, the DTB itself. Third, talking book users have long complained that they do not have access to the spelling of
28、 the words they hear. As will be explained below, some DTBs will include a file containing the full text of the work, synchronized with the audio presentation, thereby allowing readers to locate specific words and hear them spelled. Finally, analog audio offers readers only one version of the docume
29、nt. If, for example, a book contains footnotes, they are either read where referenced, which burdens the casual reader with unwanted interruptions, or grouped at a location out of the flow of the text, making them difficult for interested readers to access. A DTB allows the user to easily skip over
30、or read footnotes. The Digital Talking Book offers the print-disabled user a significantly enhanced reading experience - one that is much closer to that of the sighted reader using a print book. The DTB goes far beyond the limits imposed on analog audio books because it can include not just the audi
31、o rendition of the work, but the full textual content and images as well. Because the textual content file is synchronized with the audio file, a DTB offers multiple sensory inputs to readers, a ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 2005 NISO v great benefit to, for example, learning-disabled readers. Some visually
32、 impaired readers may choose to listen to most of the book, but find that inspecting the images provides information not available in the narrative flow. Others may opt to skip the audio presentation altogether and instead view the text file via screen-enlarging software. Braille readers may prefer
33、to read some or all of the document via a refreshable Braille display device connected to their DTB player and accessing the textual content file. DTBs containing a textual content file but no audio material might be accessed via synthetic speech, screen-enlarging software, or a Braille device. Digi
34、tal Talking Books are not tied to a single distribution medium. CD-ROMs will be used first but DTBs will be portable to any digital distribution medium capable of handling the large files associated with digital audio recordings. Regardless of how a DTB is distributed, however, it will normally be i
35、n the context of an intellectual property protection system. Suggestions for improving this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the National Information Standards Organization, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA, telephone (301) 654-2512. This Standard was processed and
36、 approved for submittal to ANSI by the National Information Standards Organization. NISO approval of this Standard does not necessarily imply that all Voting Members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this Standard, NISO had the following members: NISO Voting Members 3M Susan Boettcher
37、Roger D. Larson, Alt American Association of Law Libraries Robert L. Oakley Mary Alice Baish, Alt American Chemical Society Matthew Toussant American Library Association Betty Landesman American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS Jon Beatty, Minnetonka Software, Inc.; Harvey Bingha
38、m; Don Breda, American Council of the Blind; Sean Brooks, Canadian National institute for the Blind; John Bryant, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped; Curtis Chong, National Federation of the Blind; John Cookson, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Han
39、dicapped; Keith Creasy, American Printing House for the Blind; Tim Curtin, gh; Marisa de Meglio, the DAISY for All Project;, DAISY Consortium; Guillaume du Bourguet, BrailleNet Association; Jim Dust, Telex Communications Corporation; Daniel Farrington, Dolphin Audio Publishing; Dan Germann, LR Sound
40、; Al Gilman; Luis Gutierrez, American Foundation for the Blind; Diana Hiorth Persson, Dolphin Audio Publishing; John Kibitlewski, gh; Jesper Klein, Swedish Library of Talking Books and Braille; Johan Knol, IDUNA Electronics BV; Brad Kormann, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Hand
41、icapped; Kathy Korpolinski, Recording for the Blind Dominic Labb, VisuAide, Inc.; Chris Lehn, Telex Communications Corporation; Lynn Leith, Canadian National Institute for the Blind; Olaf Mittelstaedt, Swiss Library for the Blind and Visually Handicapped; Brandon Nelson, Canadian National Institute
42、for the Blind; Laust Skat Nielsen, Danish National Library for the Blind; Tatsuo Nishizawa, Plextor; Joe Said, gh; Janina Sajka, American Foundation for the Blind; Gregg Savage, Talking Book Publishers, Inc.; Dave Schleppenbach, gh; Per Sennels, National Resource Center for Special Education of the
43、Visually Impaired (Norway); Sheela Sethuraman, CAST; Charles Steaderman; Jeff Suttor, SUN Microsystems; Niels Thgersen, Danish Institute for the Blind; Chris von See, TechAdapt; Christian Wallin, Danish National Library for the Blind; Chris Wilder-Smith, CAST. 2005 NISO 1 Specifications for the Digi
44、tal Talking Book 1 General Information 1.1 Purpose and Scope of Standard (This section is informative.) This standard establishes specifications for digital talking books (DTBs) for blind, visually impaired, physically handicapped, learning-disabled, or otherwise print-disabled readers. Its purpose
45、is to ensure interoperability across service organizations and vendors providing content and playback systems to the target population. This standard provides specifications primarily for DTB files and their interrelationships. It also includes specifications for DTB playback devices in two areas: p
46、layer performance related to file requirements and player behavior in areas defined in user requirements. 1.2 Definitions (This section is normative.) The following abbreviations, acronyms, phrases, and terms are used in this standard as defined below. In the following definitions and throughout the
47、 standard, bracketed items correspond to entries in section 17, “References to Other Specifications/Documents,“ where the full URL is provided for each reference. Accessible Fully usable by the target population. CSS Cascading Style Sheets CSS is a mechanism for adding style (e.g. fonts, colors, spa
48、cing, formatting) to HTML or XML documents. DRM Digital Rights Management is a system of tools and processes that protect intellectual property when it is encoded and distributed in digital form. DTB The Digital Talking Book content data set that complies with the specifications in this standard. DT
49、Book An XML element set (dtbook.dtd) that defines the markup for the textual content of a DTB. DTD The Document Type Definition file contains machine- and human-readable rules that define allowable XML markup for a particular application. FIXED When used in definitions of XML element attributes, means that the attribute has a single, fixed value specified in the DTD. See IMPLIED and REQUIRED. ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 2 2005 NISO Fragment Identifier A means to address a named place in a document. For reference within the current document, the reference part is to a
