1、ANSI/AAMI NS4:2013Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulatorsAmerican National StandardObjectives and uses of AAMI standards and recommended practices It is most important that the objectives and potential uses of an AAMI product standard or recommended practice are clearly understood. The objective
2、s of AAMIs technical development program derive from AAMIs overall mission: the advancement of medical instrumentation. Essential to such advancement are (1) a continued increase in the safe and effective application of current technologies to patient care, and (2) the encouragement of new technolog
3、ies. It is AAMIs view that standards and recommended practices can contribute significantly to the advancement of medical instrumentation, provided that they are drafted with attention to these objectives and provided that arbitrary and restrictive uses are avoided. A voluntary standard for a medica
4、l device recommends to the manufacturer the information that should be provided with or on the product, basic safety and performance criteria that should be considered in qualifying the device for clinical use, and the measurement techniques that can be used to determine whether the device conforms
5、with the safety and performance criteria and/or to compare the performance characteristics of different products. Some standards emphasize the information that should be provided with the device, including performance characteristics, instructions for use, warnings and precautions, and other data co
6、nsidered important in ensuring the safe and effective use of the device in the clinical environment. Recommending the disclosure of performance characteristics often necessitates the development of specialized test methods to facilitate uniformity in reporting; reaching consensus on these tests can
7、represent a considerable part of committee work. When a drafting committee determines that clinical concerns warrant the establishment of minimum safety and performance criteria, referee tests must be provided and the reasons for establishing the criteria must be documented in the rationale. A recom
8、mended practice provides guidelines for the use, care, and/or processing of a medical device or system. A recommended practice does not address device performance per se, but rather procedures and practices that will help ensure that a device is used safely and effectively and that its performance w
9、ill be maintained. Although a device standard is primarily directed to the manufacturer, it may also be of value to the potential purchaser or user of the device as a frame of reference for device evaluation. Similarly, even though a recommended practice is usually oriented towards healthcare profes
10、sionals, it may be useful to the manufacturer in better understanding the environment in which a medical device will be used. Also, some recommended practices, while not addressing device performance criteria, provide guidelines to industrial personnel on such subjects as sterilization processing, m
11、ethods of collecting data to establish safety and efficacy, human engineering, and other processing or evaluation techniques; such guidelines may be useful to health care professionals in understanding industrial practices. In determining whether an AAMI standard or recommended practice is relevant
12、to the specific needs of a potential user of the document, several important concepts must be recognized: All AAMI standards and recommended practices are voluntary (unless, of course, they are adopted by government regulatory or procurement authorities). The application of a standard or recommended
13、 practice is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Each AAMI standard or recommended practice reflects the collective expertise of a committee of health care professionals and industrial representatives, whose work has been reviewed nationally (and somet
14、imes internationally). As such, the consensus recommendations embodied in a standard or recommended practice are intended to respond to clinical needs and, ultimately, to help ensure patient safety. A standard or recommended practice is limited, however, in the sense that it responds generally to pe
15、rceived risks and conditions that may not always be relevant to specific situations. A standard or recommended practice is an important reference in responsible decision-making, but it should never replace responsible decision-making. Despite periodic review and revision (at least once every five ye
16、ars), a standard or recommended practice is necessarily a static document applied to a dynamic technology. Therefore, a standards user must carefully review the reasons why the document was initially developed and the specific rationale for each of its provisions. This review will reveal whether the
17、 document remains relevant to the specific needs of the user. Particular care should be taken in applying a product standard to existing devices and equipment, and in applying a recommended practice to current procedures and practices. While observed or potential risks with existing equipment typica
18、lly form the basis for the safety and performance criteria defined in a standard, professional judgment must be used in applying these criteria to existing equipment. No single source of information will serve to identify a particular product as “unsafe“. A voluntary standard can be used as one reso
19、urce, but the ultimate decision as to product safety and efficacy must take into account the specifics of its utilization and, of course, cost-benefit considerations. Similarly, a recommended practice should be analyzed in the context of the specific needs and resources of the individual institution
20、 or firm. Again, the rationale accompanying each AAMI standard and recommended practice is an excellent guide to the reasoning and data underlying its provision. In summary, a standard or recommended practice is truly useful only when it is used in conjunction with other sources of information and p
21、olicy guidance and in the context of professional experience and judgment. INTERPRETATIONS OF AAMI STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES Requests for interpretations of AAMI standards and recommended practices must be made in writing, to the AAMI Vice President, Standards Policy and Programs. An offic
22、ial interpretation must be approved by letter ballot of the originating committee and subsequently reviewed and approved by the AAMI Standards Board. The interpretation will become official and representation of the Association only upon exhaustion of any appeals and upon publication of notice of in
23、terpretation in the “Standards Monitor“ section of the AAMI News. The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation disclaims responsibility for any characterization or explanation of a standard or recommended practice which has not been developed and communicated in accordance with thi
24、s procedure and which is not published, by appropriate notice, as an official interpretation in the AAMI News. American National Standard ANSI/AAMI NS4:2013 (Revision of AAMI NS4:1986(R)2009) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators Developed by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrume
25、ntation Approved 20 March 2013 by American National Standards Institute Inc. Abstract: This standard establishes labeling, safety, and performance requirements and referee tests for transcutaneous electrical stimulators (including TENS) intended for use in the treatment of pain syndrome. Also covere
26、d are labeling requirements for patient leads and electrodes. Keywords: electromedical equipment, labeling, electrical safety, transcutaneous electrical stimulators, leads, electrodes AAMI Standard This Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standard implies a consensus of
27、 those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. The existence of an AAMI standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standa
28、rd. AAMI standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This AAMI standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. AAMI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than 5 years from
29、 the date of publication. Interested parties may obtain current information on all AAMI standards by calling or writing AAMI, or by visiting the AAMI website at www.aami.org. All AAMI standards, recommended practices, technical information reports, and other types of technical documents developed by
30、 AAMI are voluntary, and their application is solely within the discretion and professional judgment of the user of the document. Occasionally, voluntary technical documents are adopted by government regulatory agencies or procurement authorities. In such cases, the adopting agency is responsible fo
31、r enforcement of its rules and regulations. Published by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation 4301 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 301 Arlington, VA 22203-1633 www.aami.org 2013 by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation All Rights Reserved Publication, reproductio
32、n, photocopying, storage, or transmission, electronically or otherwise, of all or any part of this document without the prior written permission of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation is strictly prohibited by law. It is illegal under federal law (17 U.S.C. 101, et seq.) t
33、o make copies of all or any part of this document (whether internally or externally) without the prior written permission of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Violators risk legal action, including civil and criminal penalties, and damages of $100,000 per offense. For p
34、ermission regarding the use of all or any part of this document, complete the reprint request form at www.aami.org or contact AAMI, 4301 N. Fairfax Dr., Suite 301, Arlington, VA 22203-1633. Phone: +1-703-525-4890; Fax: +1-703-525-1067. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 1570204950 Contents
35、 Page Glossary of equivalent standards v Committee representation vi Foreword vii 1 Scope 1 1.1 General 1 1.2 Inclusions . 1 1.3 Exclusions 1 2 Normative references . 1 3. Requirements . 1 3.1 Labeling Requirements 1 3.1.1 Device Markings 1 3.1.2 Clinician Information 2 3.1.3 Patient Information 3 3
36、.2 Safety and Performance Requirements for the Stimulus Generator . 3 3.2.1 Electrical Safety . 3 3.2.2 Output Characteristics . 3 3.2.3 Functional Controls . 4 3.2.4 Open/Short Circuit Performance . 4 3.2.5 Incorrect Battery Installation 4 3.2.6 Environmental Performance 4 4 Test Methods 4 4.1 Comp
37、liance with the Labeling Requirements 4 4.1.1 Device Markings 4 4.1.2 Clinician Information 4 4.1.3 Patient Information 4 4.2 Compliance with the Safety and Performance Requirements for the Stimulus Generator 5 4.2.1 Electrical Safety . 5 4.2.2 Output Characteristics . 5 4.2.3 Functional Controls .
38、5 4.2.4 Open/Short Circuit Performance . 5 4.2.5 Incorrect Battery Installation 5 4.2.6 Environmental Performance 5 5 Glossary 6 5.1 Electrode system conductive medium . 6 5.2 Lead . 6 5.3 Pulse 6 5.4 Serial number 6 5.5 Stimulus generator 6 5.6 TENS . 6 Annexes Annex A: Labeling/User Guidelines for
39、 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (Contraindications, Warnings, Precautions) . 7 Annex B: Development and Provisions of this Standard 8 Bibliography . 13 Tables Table B.1 Instantaneous Impedance (ohms) 10 Figures Figure 1 Test setup for waveform measurements . 5 2013 Association for the A
40、dvancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI NS4:2013 v Glossary of equivalent standards International Standards adopted in the United States may include normative references to other International Standards. AAMI maintains a current list of each International Standard that has been adopted by AA
41、MI (and ANSI). Available on the AAMI website at the address below, this list gives the corresponding U.S. designation and level of equivalency to the International Standard. www.aami.org/standards/glossary.pdf vi 2013 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI NS4:2013 Comm
42、ittee representation Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulator Working Group This standard was developed by the AAMI Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulator Working Group under the auspices of the AAMI Neurosurgery Standards Committee. Working Group
43、 approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time this document was published, the AAMI Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulator Working Group had the following members: Cochairs: Robert J. DeLuca, FDA/CDRH Members: Masahiro Ando, Omron H
44、ealthcare Co Ltd Richard North, MD, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore (Independent Expert) Donald Osborne, MD PE (Independent Expert) Ashish Shah, PhD, Greatbatch Inc. Kok-Swang Tan, PhD, Medical Devices Bureau Health Canada Ted Yantsides, Conmed Corp Alternates: Les Halberg, Greatbatch Inc. NOTE-Particip
45、ation by federal agency representatives in the development of this document does not constitute endorsement by the federal government or any of its agencies. At this time this document was published, the AAMI Neurosurgery Committee had the following members: Chairs: Richard North, MD, Sinai Hospital
46、 of Baltimore (Independent Expert) Ashish Shah, PhD, Greatbatch Inc. Members: Robert J. DeLuca, FDA/CDRH Marc A. Flitter, MD (Independent Expert) Jeffrey E. Henderson, Medtronic Inc WHQ Campus Alternates: Les Halberg, Greatbatch Inc. Organizational Member Liaison: Greg Anthony Hrdlicka, Medtronic In
47、c. NOTE-Participation by federal agency representatives in the development of this document does not constitute endorsement by the federal government or any of its agencies. 2013 Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation ANSI/AAMI NS4:2013 vii Foreword This standard was developed by
48、 the Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulator working group under the auspices of the AAMI Neurosurgery Committee. The objective of this standard is to provide labeling requirements, certain performance requirements, test methods, terminology, and guidelines that will help establish a reasonable level o
49、f safety and effectiveness for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators used in the treatment of pain syndromes. This second edition updates references and corrects typographical errors. As used within the context of this document, “shall” indicates requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to the standard; “should” indicates that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable, without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily required, or that (in the ne
