1、T 220 sp-10 TENTATIVE STANDARD 1942 OFFICIAL TEST METHOD 1946 REVISED 1971 OFFICIAL TEST METHOD 1983 REVISED 1988 STANDARD PRACTICE 1996 CORRECTED 1997 REVISED 2001 REVISED 2006 REVISED 2010 2010 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the
2、Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the mos
3、t recent edition published. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method TAPPI CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to sa
4、fety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposa
5、l, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of
6、 potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authori
7、ties for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Physical testing of pulp handsheets 1. Scope and significance 1.1 This procedure describes the testing of pulp handsheets, prepared in accordance with TAPPI T 205 “Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp,” for their strength and other physical
8、 properties as well as their light-scattering coefficient. 1.2 Information derived from handsheet testing is a measure of the potential contribution of the pulp to the strength of the finished paper product. 2. Summary 2.1 The measurements of handsheet properties to be described are as follows: mass
9、 per unit area (grammage), thickness, specific volume, apparent density, opacity, scattering coefficient, tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption, bursting strength, tearing resistance, and MIT folding endurance. 2.2 Five sheets are generally enough for routine control work in a mill on
10、 a specified pulp. Ten sheets should be used wherever possible and when testing mechanical pulp in order to provide enough paper to make four tears of ten strips each. This makes it possible to use five sheets for tearing resistance and five other sheets for all other strength tests. Do not change t
11、he sample size as this will change the amount of pulp in the beater and, therefore, change the beating time. 2.3 Results are reported in SI units and strength indexes are calculated on conditioned weight. T 220 sp-10 Physical testing of pulp handsheets / 2 3. Conditioning Inspect the sheets and disc
12、ard any that are abnormal, (e.g. containing holes, uneven thickness, damaged, containing contaminants such as dirt, plastic, metal bits). Condition in an atmosphere in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products”
13、and test the sheets for each characteristic of interest according to the appropriate TAPPI test method for paper but with modifications as specified below. 4. Mass per unit area (grammage) Determine the average mass per unit area of five conditioned sheets by weighing them together on a balance sens
14、itive to 0.001 g. The area of each sheet is approximate and is taken to be 200 cm2. The grammage is ten times the weight of the five sheets. 5. Thickness 5.1 Apparatus15.1.1 Micrometer, see TAPPI T 411 “Thickness (Caliper) on Paper and Paperboard.” 5.2 Procedure 5.2.1 Before cutting the test sheets,
15、 obtain their average thickness as follows: Place five sheets in a pile with their glazed surfaces in one direction. Using a motor-driven micrometer as specified in T 411, measure the thickness of the pile of sheets at ten randomly selected points recording the thickness at each point to the nearest
16、 2 m (0.0001 in.). 5.2.2 If any reading is more than 5% above the others, make a measurement on an adjacent spot to determine if the high reading is caused by a shive, speck, foreign materials such as dirt, glass, plastic, etc. or fiber bundles resulting from a short disintegration time. If so, disc
17、ard the high readings and note in report. 6. Light-scattering coefficient 6.1 Apparatus16.1.1 Opacimeter, see TAPPI T 425 “Opacity of Paper (15/Diffuse, Illuminant A) 89% Reflectance Backing and Paper Backing.” 6.1.2 Working standard of reflectance, calibrated to absolute scale as described in T 425
18、. 6.2 Procedure 6.2.1 Place the working standard over the opening of the opacimeter and adjust the instrument reading to the value of the absolute reflectance of the working standard. 6.2.2 Obtain the reading R0by placing each sheet in the opacimeter with its glazed side against the black body and r
19、eading the reflectivity without adjustment of the instrument. 6.2.3 Place the pile of five sheets in the opacimeter with the glazed sides toward the specimen holder and take a reading. Increase the number of sheets in the pile by inserting five more sheets of the same test or, if these are unavailab
20、le, sheets from another test that are similar in reflectance between the pile and the specimen holder. Take another reading. If there is a significant difference between the two readings, add additional sheets to the pile until no significant change occurs with the addition of five more sheets. Usin
21、g this pile of sheets, measure the reflectivity R of each of the five test sheets keeping the other four test sheets immediately behind the sheet being tested. 6.2.4 Use the average values of R0and R to calculate light scattering coefficient as described in 13.3.4. NOTE 1: For greater accuracy, the
22、two measurements should be made on the same specimen area and the weight per unit area of the actual test area used. NOTE 2: The R value must be obtained using the opacimeter as described. A brightness reading cannot be used. 1Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may
23、 be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list, available as part of the CD or printed set of Standards, or on the TAPPI website general Standards page. 3 / Physical testing of pulp handsheets T 220 sp-10 7. Cutting the sheets for remaining physical tests 7.1 Apparatus17.1.1 Double-knife, 15 mm (0.5
24、9 in.) wide cutter, or a single-knife cutter equipped with a guide to give a strip 15 mm wide. 7.2 Procedure 7.2.1 Place the pile of five sheets on the cutting anvil with the diameter of the pile accurately situated along one of the anvils edges. 7.2.2 Cut the sheets as shown in Fig. 1. By testing t
25、he folding endurance with an MIT tester (Section 11) at one end of a strip, with care, the longer part of the remnant is not appreciably damaged and is quite suitable for another fold test if it is inserted in the tester in such a manner that the folding test is made on the part of the strip that pr
26、otruded above the top clamp. The strip should not be used for a tensile test as the tension placed on the strip in making the fold test will change the characteristics of the paper. Fig. 1. Division of sheets for testing. 8. Tensile strength (stretch and tensile energy absorption) 8.1 Apparatus18.1.
27、1 Tensile tester, see TAPPI T 494 “Tensile Breaking Properties of Paper and Paperboard (Using Constant Rate of Elongation Apparatus).” 8.2 Procedure 8.2.1 Use at least one specimen strip from each of the five test sheets, cutting each strip 15 mm wide. Set the jaws of the tensile tester 100 mm apart
28、. 8.2.2 Determine the tensile strength, stretch, and tensile energy absorption simultaneously in accordance with T 494 except for the size of the specimen. 9. Bursting strength 9.1 Apparatus19.1.1 Bursting tester, see TAPPI T 403 “Bursting Strength of Paper.” 9.2 Procedure 9.2.1 Determine the bursti
29、ng strength by making at least ten bursts one at a time on the segments of five test sheets, the glazed side of each sheet being clamped toward the diaphragm, otherwise in accordance with T 403. T 220 sp-10 Physical testing of pulp handsheets / 4 10. Tearing resistance 10.1 Apparatus110.1.1 Elmendor
30、f tearing resistance tester, see TAPPI T 414 “Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper.” 10.2 Procedure 10.2.1 Determine the tearing resistance as described in T 414, with modifications indicated below. Clamp the sheets so that their glazed sides face the axis of the instrument and the greater part of t
31、he specimen is held in the fixed, not the moving, jaw. 10.2.2 For chemical pulps, cut sections from five test sheets in the manner shown in Fig. 2 and test the five sections (plys) together, making four tears across the width of the sections, each being through a total tearing distance of 215 mm (5
32、43 mm). If the scale on the tearing resistance tester is in grams, multiply the average reading on the standard tester by 3.2 (i.e., 16/5) to obtain the force in grams required to tear a single sheet. If the specimens should be such that five sheets together give a reading above 60, reduce the numbe
33、r of sheets torn together to two and multiply the observed reading by 8 to give the force in grams to tear a single sheet. If the instrument scale is in millinewtons, divide the reading by the number of sheets torn. 10.2.3 For mechanical pulps, use ten sheets (plys) and multiply the average reading
34、by 1.6 to obtain the force in grams required to tear a single sheet. Fig. 2. Detail of tearing test NOTE 3: Accuracy is enhanced, especially if the segments of sheets are cut somewhat narrow, if a template is used to draw a pencil line 47.0 mm from the centrally cut edges of the pack of specimens as
35、 shown in Fig. 2. When it is clamped in the jaws of the instrument, align the pack so that the scribed line coincides with the top edges of the jaws. The knife should be checked to cut 4.0 mm above these edges, to give the standard tearing distance of 43.0 mm. If an instruments digital display limit
36、s the number of available test plies (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 plies), test the number of plies closest to the recommended number in the method and keep the total tearing distance for all test specimens for a given sample constant (i.e., 5 each, 4-ply tears for chemical pulps). Note any modifications in
37、 the report. 11. Folding endurance 11.1 Apparatus111.1.1 MIT folding tester, see TAPPI T 511 “Folding Endurance of Paper (MIT Tester).” 11.2 Procedure 11.2.1 Determine the folding endurance of the 15-mm-wide strip of paper cut as shown in Fig. 1. 11.2.2 With the MIT tester, only a 10-mm portion or s
38、o of the strip needs to be clamped in the lower (moving) jaw and the exact tension of 1 kg applied, leaving the extra length of the strip projecting through the upper jaw. Because the part of the strip above the upper clamp is not appreciably affected by the test, the upper end of the strip can be u
39、sed for another fold test making the fold in the part of the strip that was above the clamp. 5 / Physical testing of pulp handsheets T 220 sp-10 11.2.3 For a referee test, make 20 determinations using 10 strips and making two tests on each strip. See Section 7.2.2 for additional information. NOTE 4:
40、 The folding test is very sensitive to moisture. Accordingly, avoid touching the vicinity of the fold line with the fingers. The fold tester should be equipped with a fan to draw room air across the head to keep it cool (see T 511). 12. Moisture content 12.1 Apparatus112.1.1 See TAPPI T 550 “Determi
41、nation of Equilibrium Moisture in Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard for Chemical Analysis.” 12.2 Procedure 12.2.1 Determine the moisture content using the procedures described in T 550 on scrap samples of the pulp handsheets being tested. 13. Other tests If desired, other tests, such as porosity (air pres
42、sure, applied to the glazed side of the sheets), stiffness, zero span, etc., may be made according to accepted procedures. 14. Report 14.1 Report results in terms of their derived units to three significant figures. If the direct test results are reported, i.e., the actual instrument readings, eithe
43、r (a) metric, (b) English, or (c) SI units may be used as is common practice, the units being stated in each case. For derived units, however, such as the various strength indexes, only the SI units are acceptable. 14.2 Calculate and report all the results on the conditioned mass per unit area of th
44、e test sheets. 14.3 The calculations of the various items reported are shown below by formulas in which: r = mass per unit area, g/m2t = single sheet thickness, m T = single sheet thickness, 0.001 in. b = bursting strength, kPa B = bursting strength, lbf/in.2p = tensile break load, kgf on a 15-mm st
45、rip P = tensile break load, lbf on a 0.59-in. strip e = force to tear a single sheet, g 14.3.1 Mass per unit area: in g/m2. 14.3.2 Specific volume (bulk): calculated as cm3/g: from t/r or 25.4 T/r. NOTE 5: The result compares the bulk of the test sheets (measured under the prescribed pressure) to wa
46、ter, which has a “bulk” of 1.0 cm3/g, about the same as a dense glassine. 14.3.3 Apparent density: calculate as g/cm3from r/t or r/25.4 T. 14.3.4 Light scattering coefficient: obtain the value of sW from the chart in T 425 using the values obtained for R0and R. Scattering coefficient = sW/r. 14.3.5
47、Folding endurance: Obtain the logarithm to the base 10 for each measured number of double folds. Average the logarithms and correct for variations in basis weight by adding (1.813-log r) to the average log. Report as the log folding endurance to two significant figures for the mantissa. 14.3.6 Numbe
48、r of double folds, an alternative and less preferred result to folding endurance, is determined by reporting the average of the number of double folds measured. 14.3.7 Bursting strength, kPa, from the formula 6.89B. 14.3.8 Tearing resistance, mN, from the formula 9.807e. 14.3.9 Tensile strength, kN/
49、m, from the formula 0.6538 p or 0.2966 P. 14.3.10 Stretch, %. T 220 sp-10 Physical testing of pulp handsheets / 6 14.3.11 Burst index, kPa m2/g, from the formula b/r or 6.89 B/r. 14.3.12 Tear index, mN m2/g from the formula 9.807 e/r. 14.3.13 Tensile index, N m/g from 653.8 p/r or 296.6 P/r. 14.3.14 Breaking length, km, calculated from the formula 200p/3r or 30.24P/r. 14.3.15 Percent moisture content on conditioned weight basis. NOTE 6: The breaking length corresponds to the length in kilometers of a uniformly wide strip of paper which, if held at one end (e.g.,
