1、TAPPI/ANSI T 271 om-12 PROVISIONAL METHOD 1991 OFFICIAL METHOD 1988 REVISED 2002 REVISED 2007 REVISED 2012 2012 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsibility
2、 in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent edition published. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for thi
3、s Test Method TAPPI CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the sa
4、fety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedu
5、res for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must det
6、ermine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Fiber length of pulp and paper by
7、 automated optical analyzer using polarized light 1. Scope 1.1 This is an automated method by which the numerical and weighted average fiber lengths and fiber length distributions of pulp and paper can be measured using light polarizing optics in the range of 0.1 mm to 7.2 mm. 1.2 The fiber length c
8、an also be measured using the following methods: TAPPI T 232 “Fiber Length of Pulp by Projection” and TAPPI T 233 “Fiber Length of Pulp by Classification.” 2. Summary 2.1 The measuring principle of this method is optical and is based on the ability of the fiber to change the direction of light polar
9、ization. 2.1.1 The fibers suspended in water are routed through a fiber orienting channel (F.O.C.) where the image lengths of individual fibers are measured. 2.1.2 A F.O.C. is placed between a light source and a photosensor matrix. The elements of the matrix detect the length of the fiber from the p
10、rojected image of the fiber. 2.2 On either side of the F.O.C., crossed polarizers are positioned to eliminate the effect of objects other than fibers, e.g., non-optically active fillers and air bubbles, which are not able to change the direction of polarization. 3. Significance 3.1 Pulp and paper ma
11、de from wood consists of fibers and fiber fragments. The length distribution of different fibers in the pulp can contribute to various properties of the final product. 4. Apparatus 4.1 The apparatus (Fig. 1) consists of a sample transport system and a measurement section. 4.2 A transport system of a
12、 F.O.C. (1), through which fibers dispersed in a liquid are drawn. Numbers in parentheses refer to numbers on Fig. 1. The F.O.C. orients the fibers into a plane, or tube, normal to the light path and T 271 om-12 Fiber length of pulp and paper by automated / 2 optical analyzer using polarized light n
13、o thicker than a nominal 0.5 mm or less in the direction of the light path. 4.3 Measurement system: 4.3.1 A light source (2) is located on one side of the F.O.C. and a photosensor matrix (3) on the opposite side of the F.O.C. The photosensor matrix indicates the fiber length from the image of the fi
14、ber passing by. The wavelength of light for the light source and the photosensor matrix must be spectrally matched. 4.3.2 Crossed polarizers (4, 5) are located between the light source and the photosensor matrix. 4.3.3 An analyzer with resolution equal to, or better than, 100 m (see Note 1). NOTE 1:
15、 Measuring cellulosic particles between 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm will require an analyzer to have a resolution of 50 m or smaller. 5. Test specimen 5.1 If the pulp or paper is being tested to evaluate a pulp or paper lot, obtain a sample in accordance with TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot o
16、f Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard or Related Product.” It is essential that the test specimens of dry pulp or paper do not contain any cut edges. Fig. 1. The apparatus/measurement principle. 6. Procedures 6.1 Disintegration. 6.1.1 Dry pulp samples. Disperse the sample as described in TAPPI T 205 o
17、r disintegrate it in a manual disintegrator (Fig. 2). For good fiber dispersion of the disintegrated sample, one method is to use the manual disintegrator as follows: Put the sample (0.8 - 1.3 g for long-fibered softwood pulps and 0.3 - 0.5g for hardwood pulps) and 150 mL of distilled water in the d
18、isintegrator, and move the piston up and down until the sample has been disintegrated completely. Presoaking is to be preferred for pulps difficult to disperse. Fibers must be properly separated, with no fiber bundles or fiber-to-fiber bonds remaining in the test specimen. When the sample is complet
19、ely dispersed, dilute with distilled water to a consistency of 0.02 0.005% for softwood, and 0.0075 0.0025% for hardwood. The sample volume after dilution should be at least 5L to insure a homogenous mixture. Treat mixed furnish pulps as softwood pulps for determining final consistency. 6.1.2 Wet pu
20、lp samples. Dilute to approximate consistency per manufacturers recommendations to give accurate measurements. 6.1.3 Ordinary papers. Disintegrate the paper according to method A as described in TAPPI T 401 “Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paperboard.” Treat paper samples as softwood pulps for determini
21、ng final consistency. 6.2 Test sample concentration. Dilute to the suspension concentration recommended by the instruments manufacturer, or to that determined by tests over a range of concentrations to give accurate measurements. 3 / Fiber length of pulp and paper by automated T 271 om-12 optical an
22、alyzer using polarized light 6.2.1 Take a 50 mL 0.05 mL sample of the dilution using a pipette with a tip opening of at least 2 mm in diameter. 6.2.2 When taking the sample, agitate the dilution continuously. Do not stir with a rotary movement, because the sample dilution will not be homogenous. Mov
23、e the pipette both horizontally and vertically during sampling. 6.3 Running the sample. The minimum number of fibers to measure shall be that at which the average fiber length reaches a steady state variance of 0.01 mm. If the apparatus does not provide continuous fiber length values, then measure a
24、 minimum of 5000 fibers. Fig. 2. Manual disintegrator (dimension units are in mm). 7. Calibration check Perform the calibration check of the analyzer with fibers that polarize light, of known fiber length distribution. During the calibration, measure the intensity of the light and use it to standard
25、ize the optical path. (See instrument manufacturers recommendations.) 8. Calculation 8.1 Arithmetic average of fiber length (LA). Calculate the arithmetic average fiber length from the number of measured fibers (ni) in different length fractions (i = the total number of fractions, when resolution is
26、 a minimum of 50m) and from the average length of the fraction (li) (1). N = the maximum number of fractions greater than or equal to 144. NiiNiiiAnlnL118.2 Length weighted average fiber length (LL). The arithmetic average fiber length is not always the most commonly used indicator of the fiber leng
27、th because the effect of short fibers is emphasized. The commonly used expression is the length weighted average fiber length (2,3). T 271 om-12 Fiber length of pulp and paper by automated / 4 optical analyzer using polarized light NiiiNiiiLlnlnL1128.3 Weight weighted average fiber length (LW) NiiiN
28、iiiWlnlnL12138.4 Frequency distributions. Distribution curves show the relative amounts of fibers and fiber related values in each length category along the measurement range. Population distribution is based on the numbers of fibers in categories. Values in each category are calculated using formul
29、a: 100(%)1NJjiinnP In length-weighted distribution total lengths of fibers in each category are used instead of number of fibers. The formula to calculate values in distribution is: 100(%)1,NjjjiiillnlnP where Pl,iis the percentage of length in category i, niis the number of fibers in category I, an
30、d liis average fiber length of the fibers in category i. 9. Reports Report the average fiber length by methods described in 8.1 - 8.3 or fiber length distribution by method in 8.4. If the upper and lower length limits for which the mean fiber lengths are calculated are user-selectable, report these
31、limits with the mean lengths. 10. Precision 10.1 Precision statements for this procedure were determined in accordance with TAPPI T 1200 “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility.” 10.2 Samples of commercial bleached southern pine, Scandinavian
32、pine, birch and eucalyptus pulp were used. The individual samples were taken from the same batch of pulp. The same dilution was analyzed 10 times with three devices conforming to the methods specifications. 10.3 Standard deviation and percent repeatability were calculated as follows: 5 / Fiber lengt
33、h of pulp and paper by automated T 271 om-12 optical analyzer using polarized light 10.3.1 For each unit: Average fiber length = the average of the length weighted average fiber length after being analyzed 10 times = x. Standard deviation (Se). Standard deviation of test results (Sr= Se). Repeatabil
34、ity r = 2.77 Sr. Repeatability in % = 100 r/x. The result of the repeatability tests are shown in Table 1. Measurements are made with 50 m resolution. Table 1. Replicate measurements within a single laboratory. Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Eucalyptus Average fiber length, mm 0.79 0.795 0.800 Standard deviat
35、ion/mm 0.0036 0.0047 0.0038 Repeatability % 1.26 1.64 1.32 Birch Average fiber length 0.850 0.862 0.863 Standard deviation 0.005 0.005 0.006 Repeatability % 1.63 1.61 1.93 Pine Average fiber length 2.083 2.128 2.140 Standard deviation 0.017 0.019 0.014 Repeatability % 2.26 2.47 1.81 Southern pine Av
36、erage fiber length 2.453 2.561 2.512 Standard deviation 0.0182 0.0266 0.0428 Repeatability % 2.06 2.88 4.72 10.4 Reproducibility. To measure reproducibility samples of Scandinavian pine and birch were analyzed in 16 laboratories. Each laboratory performed three analyses of each material and reported
37、 the length-weighted average fiber length. Results of the test are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Results from round robin tests in 16 laboratories. Scandinavian pine Birch Average fiber length, mm 2.02 0.89 Standard deviation (sn), mm 0.043 0.015 Average standard deviation (se), mm 0.013 0.003 sR, mm 0
38、.044 0.015 Reproducibility, mm 0.123 0.042 Reproducibility, % 6.1 4.7 T 271 om-12 Fiber length of pulp and paper by automated / 6 optical analyzer using polarized light 11. Keywords Pulp, Paper, Fiber length, Fiber length distribution, Optical measurement, Polarized light 12. Additional information
39、12.1 Effective date of issue: November 1, 2012. 12.2 Related methods: TAPPI T 232 “Fiber Length of Pulp by Projection,” TAPPI T 233 “Fiber Length of Pulp by Classification.” 12.3 A precision statement has been added and revisions were made in the 1998 update. There were no major changes other than e
40、ditorial to the 2007 version or this 2012 version. Literature cited 1. TAPPI T 232 “Fiber Length of Pulp by Projection.” 2. Clark, J. DA., “Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper,” Miller Freeman Publications Inc., San Francisco, 1978. 3. Ilvessalo - Pfaffli. M.-S., v. Alffthan G., “The Measurement of Fiber Length With a Semi-Automatic Recorder,” Paperi ja Puu 39 (11): s. 509-516 (1957). Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Standards Department.
