1、TAPPI/ANSI T 834 om-12 PROVISIONAL METHOD 1994 OFFICIAL TEST METHOD 2002 REVISED 2002 REVISED 2007 REVISED 2012 2012 TAPPI The information and data contained in this document were prepared by a technical committee of the Association. The committee and the Association assume no liability or responsib
2、ility in connection with the use of such information or data, including but not limited to any liability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user is responsible for determining that this document is the most recent edition published. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group fo
3、r this Test Method TAPPI CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that t
4、he safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Pr
5、ocedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user mus
6、t determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Determination of containerbo
7、ard roll hardness 1. Scope This test method describes a procedure to determine the uniformity in relative hardness of rolls of containerboard. Since several devices are currently available that use significantly differing technologies to determine hardness, this method only addresses the actual meas
8、urement process and not the test equipment specifically. 2. Significance 2.1 This method provides a means to determine the uniformity of roll hardness. 2.2 Variation in roll hardness can be the result of excessive moisture, basis weight, or thickness variation as well as an indication of winder prob
9、lems. 2.3 Non-uniform roll hardness can result in serious converting problems which, without the aid of hardness measurements, can be very difficult to troubleshoot. 2.4 Although low values can be a concern, it is typically the variation in hardness across a given roll that relates most directly to
10、such converting issues with soft edges being perhaps the biggest contributor. 3. Safety While hardness testers are relatively safe, it is recommended never to discharge the device directly against any part of the body. 4. Apparatus 4.1 Multiple devices are currently available that will provide compa
11、rable readings. 4.2 As the most widely used and most heavily referenced apparatus, the Type L Schmidt Hammer is the primary reference device. In order to avoid ambiguity and until such time as the use of the Schmidt Hammer diminishes , where possible, all such measurements should be referenced to an
12、d reported as Schmidt Hardness values. T 834 om-12 Determination of paperboard roll hardness / 2 5. Calibration and maintenance 5.1 Calibration and maintenance are unique to the specific test apparatus in use. Reference manufacturer documentation for further guidance. 5.2 Regardless of measurement a
13、pparatus, calibrate the hardness tester regularly through the use of a known calibration standard. 5.2.1 Prior to each use or once a week, whichever is less frequent, place the measurement device on the calibration standard. 5.2.2 Take ten readings in a row on the reference calibration standard. 5.2
14、.3 Record the average of the ten readings. 5.2.4 If the average readings vary from the equipment manufacturers specifications, service and recalibrate the device until it meets such requirements. 6. Sampling 6.1 Sample, test, and accept or reject individual reels or rolls according to one of the fol
15、lowing methods: 6.1.1 Sample reels at the mill after the winder to determine paper uniformity and to troubleshoot paper machine operations before rewinding. 6.1.2 Sample rewound rolls at the mills to monitor rewinder performance and roll quality. 6.1.3 Sample rolls upon arrival at the converting ope
16、ration to identify issues such as if excessive drying of the edges has occurred during transport. 6.1.4 The most widely used sampling and measurement method occurs after the bands and outer wraps have been removed, and the rolls have been mounted in the converting operation. 6.2 Note also that hardn
17、ess values can change as rolls age or are wound or unwound. When troubleshooting specific issues sample the rolls at various intervals as they are built or consumed based on the problem under investigation. 7. Conditioning Perform this test in an operating environment on unconditioned samples. 8. Pr
18、ocedure 8.1 Place the measurement device solidly against the roll, perpendicular to the roll surface and parallel to the ground. 8.2 Begin the measurement process no less than 2.5 cm (about 1 in.) but no more than 7.5 cm (about 3 in.) in from the edge of the roll. 8.3 Repeat measurements approximate
19、ly every 15 cm (6 in.) across the roll in the CD direction. 8.4 Record individual readings by position. 9. Calculation 9.1 Calculate the average or mean of all readings. 9.2 Determine the maximum variation (highest reading minus the lowest reading). 10. Report Report the mean value and variation of
20、each roll evaluated in Schmidt Hardness units. 3 / Determination of paperboard roll hardness T 834 om-12 11. Precision 11.1 The following estimates of repeatability and reproducibility are based on results from a study conducted in 2002. The precision estimates below are based on a single roll of li
21、nerboard that was transported to multiple locations and tested at each location with different instruments and by multiple operators. Repeatability (within a lab) = 9 % Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 26 % 11.2 The study used to estimate the precision involved a single roll of linerboard tr
22、ansported to 4 different locations and tested at each location with 2 different instruments. At each location three operators conducted independent measurements with both of the instruments. The instruments used at each location were the Schmidt Hammer and the Parotester. Due to the nature of the te
23、sting, the number of results gathered from each location was larger than the number of results meeting reproducibility conditions. The repeatability was calculated using this large number of results from each location while the reproducibility was calculated from the smaller number of results. The p
24、recision estimates are greatly dependent on the instrument used. Users should use caution when applying these estimates to each application. Each of the 24 results gathered involved 5 determinations on the sample roll. Precision Results 1 Sample Mean Repeatability (r) Repeatability % (%r) Reproducib
25、ility (R) Reproducibility % (%R) Instrument 52.9 6.2 11.7% Schmidt Hammer 738 41.9 5.7% Parotester 2 48.5 22 46% Schmidt Hammer 738 42 6% Parotester 2 Repeatability and reproducibility are estimates of the maximum difference (at 95%) which should be expected when comparing test results for materials
26、 similar to those described above under similar test conditions. These estimates may not be valid for different materials or testing conditions. 12. Keywords Wound rolls, Hardness, Hammers, Container boards. 13. Additional Information 13.1 Effective date of issue: November 1, 2012. 13.2 This method
27、was formerly TAPPI UM 402 “Roll Hardness Using the Concrete Test Hammer.” 13.3 Changes in the 2007 edition included replacing “grammage” with “basis weight” as grammage is metric and basis weight is generic. Metric equivalents were also changed to general ranges more appropriate to their usage. The 2012 edition added a complete precision statement, a safety precaution statement, and minor editorial changes. Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Standards Department.
