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14、NY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBI
15、LITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. ANSI/TIA-921-C ANSI/TIA-921-C Network Model for Evaluating Multimedia Transmission Performance Over the Inter
16、net Protocol Table of Contents Foreword iii Introduction .iv 1 Scope . 1 2 Informative References 3 3 Definitions, Abbreviations and Conventions 4 3.1 Definitions . 4 3.2 Acronyms 5 3.3 3.3 Conventions . 5 4 Description of the Model 5 4.1 Model Overview . 5 4.2 Network Topology . 6 4.3 Models of Net
17、work Elements . 9 4.4 Interfering Stream Files 10 4.5 Simulation Inputs 12 4.6 Simulation Outputs .14 4.7 Figure 10 Residual Unmanaged Bandwidth .18 5 IP Network Impairment Level Requirements 19 5.1 Service Test Profiles .19 5.2 Impairment Combination Standard Test Cases 20 6 Using the Network Model
18、 24 6.1 Using an in-line network impairment emulator 24 6.2 Using the simulator to create custom test cases .25 6.3 Hardware Emulator Considerations 26 6.4 Advanced Uses of the Network Model 27 Annex A (Normative) Description of Discrete Event Simulator .28 A.1 Simulator overview .28 A.2 Directory s
19、tructure 30 ANSI/TIA-921-C ii A.3 Building the simulator .30 A.4 Download Phase 31 A.5 Patch Phase to apply ansi/tia-921-c-2016 patches .31 A.6 Overlay Phase adding new code to the TIA-921-C simulator .35 A.7 Build Phase 37 A.8 The CORE2LAN model 37 A.9 Simulator input data 38 A.10 Running a simulat
20、ion case with a convenience script .42 A.11 Simulator output .42 A.12 Plotting results 43 A.13 PCAP File list .44 A.14 Test Case File list .44 A.15 Common TCL file .45 Annex B (Normative) C+ Source Code of Discrete Event Simulator .49 Annex C (Normative) Packet capture files of interfering traffic .
21、50 Annex D Example Output Plots for a Typical Test Case .52 Annex E Summary of Simulation Output Plots .60 Annex F Simulator output .79 Annex G Simulation results summary 80 Annex H Electronic attachment 99 Annex I TCP Considerations . 100 Annex J Hybrid Box Plots and Violin Plots . 102 Annex K Simu
22、lation of High Packet Loss Rates 103 Bibliography 106 ANSI/TIA-921-C iii Foreword (This foreword is not part of this Standard.) ANSI-accredited committee TR-30.3 has developed this ANSI/TIA-921-B Standard, which defines an IP network model. This model, along with the specified scenarios, are intende
23、d for evaluating and comparing communications equipment connected over a converged network. Building upon the experience of creating network models, TR-30.3 Subcommittee has created this Network Model for IP Impairments using the similar methodology developed in its previous standards and Telecommun
24、ication Systems Bulletins: EIA/TIA-496-A-1989: Interface Between Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) and the Public Switched Telephone Network, which includes a Network Model for Evaluating Modem Performance TIA TSB-37-A-1994: Telephone Network Transmission Model for Evaluating Analog Modem Per
25、formance, which became ITU-T Recommendation V.56bis-1995 TIA TSB-38-1994 (and TSB-38-A -2007): Test Procedures for Evaluation of 2-Wire 4 Kilohertz Voice Band Duplex Modems, which became ITU-T Recommendation V.56ter-1996 ANSI/TIA/EIA-3700-1999: Telephone Network Transmission Model for Evaluating Ana
26、log Modem Performance ANSI/TIA/EIA-793-2001: North American Telephone Network Transmission Model for Evaluating Analog Client and Digitally Connected Server Modems ANSI/TIA-876-2002: North American Network Access Transmission Model for Evaluating xDSL Modem Performance ANSI/TIA-921-C was approved in
27、 March, 2016. It cancels and replaces TIA-921-B (2011) in its entirety. Technical changes from TIA-921-B include: TIA-921-C Module for ns-3 Discrete-Event Network Simulator Simulation using real Linux TCP (Cubic) Stack o Improved simulation accuracy by taking into account TCP characteristics o Chara
28、cterizes Residual Un-managed bandwidth and delay Limitations ns-3 Network Simulation o Simulation uses a single TCP flow while actual networks can have multiple TCP flows. o Single TCP flows can be correlated to multiple TCP flows. o Goodput and residual bandwidth can be correlated o The characteris
29、tic of the TCP flows are dependent upon the algorithm of the TCP stack. There are eight normative Annexes in this Standard. There are three informative Annexes. Annex H is an electronic attachment that contains the following files: ./tc Impairment combination standard test cases (clause 7.2) ./simul
30、ator.tar.gz Ready-to-build distribution (Annex B and H) ./pcap Input packet capture files of interfering traffic (Annex C) ./D DSL Technology Simulator output (Annex D) ./G GPON Technology Simulator output (Annex D) ANSI/TIA-921-C iv Introduction ANSI/TIA-921-C describes an IP network model that can
31、 be used for evaluating the performance of IP streams. The focus is on packet delay, delay variation, and loss. IP streams from any type of network device can be evaluated using this model. Emphasis is given to the fact that manufacturers of communications equipment and service providers are interes
32、ted in a specification that accurately models the IP network characteristics that determine performance. Evaluators desire a definitive set of simple tests that properly measure the performance of communications devices from various manufacturers. Therefore, the objective of this Recommendation is t
33、o define an application-independent model (e.g., data, voice, voiceband data, and video) that is representative of IP networks, that can be simulated at reasonable complexity, and that facilitates practical evaluation times. The IP network model presented herein represents a snapshot of actual netwo
34、rk data provided by anonymous IP service providers and IP network equipment manufacturers in the 2010 timeframe, and will continue to evolve as more statistical information becomes available and as the IP network evolves. ANSI/TIA-921-C v This page is intentionally blank. ANSI/TIA-921-C 1 Network Mo
35、del for Evaluating Multimedia Transmission Performance Over the Internet Protocol 1 Scope This revision to the Standard defines managed IPTV, IPTV and VoIP stream for Well Managed, Partially Managed and Un-Managed Network conditions. It also defines the remaining residual unmanaged bandwidth (Intern
36、et Services) which are typically used for TCP applications. The main difference between this revision and the previous revision is that this version is a Layer 4 (TCP) aware network model that can be used to evaluate TCP traffic. This revision of the Recommendation utilizes the publicly available ns
37、-3 network simulator which incorporates layer 4 TCP models. It allows more accurate characterization of bandwidth and delay for networks that carry TCP traffic because congestion causes TCP streams to back off and use less network bandwidth. The model is limited in that it is based on a single (Cubi
38、c) TCP flow. Different TCP stacks have different behaviors. however, the macroscopic behavior of TCP flows should be similar. This Standard1 is broadly applicable to the evaluation of any equipment that terminates or routes trafficusing the Internet Protocol. This Standard can also be used to evalua
39、te media streams or other protocols carried over IP networks. Examples of the types of equipment that can be evaluated using this model include: IP-connected endpoints: IP network devices (such as: user agents, call agents, media servers, media gateways,application servers, routers, switches, etc.);
40、 IP video (IPTV, video conferencing, telepresence, etc.); IP phones (including soft phones); IAF (Internet-aware fax). IP/TCP connected endpoints:- Peer-to-peer - HTTP - Adaptive bit-rate video PSTN-connected devices through IP gateways: POTS through voice-over-IP (VoIP) gateways; ITU-T T.38 facsimi
41、le devices and gateways; ITU-T V.150.1 and ITU-T V.152 (voiceband data, VBD) modem-over-IP gateways; TIA-1001 and ITU-T V.151 textphone-over-IP gateways.The IP network model can be used in two ways: to test an IP stream under simulated network conditions; to test an IP stream in real time using hard
42、ware emulation of the network model. 1 This Recommendation includes an electronic attachment containing the discrete event simulator source code, input packet capture files of interfering traffic, standard test cases and the simulator output. ANSI/TIA-921-C 2 The IP network model can be used to stud
43、y and to understand: the interaction of different traffic mixes; the effects of QoS and queuing on different types of traffic; packet delay variation and packet loss. Whether in software simulation or real-time hardware emulation, users can select from several test cases specified in this Standard.
44、Users can optionally define their own test cases. This model has the following limitations: Some VoIP networks may utilize PSTN at one or both ends of the connection through a media gateway. This model only addresses the IP portion of the network and does not address the PSTN portion of the end-to-e
45、nd connection. The network model represented in this Standard does not model all possible connections that can be encountered between devices. This Standard includes GPON and DSL access technologies. Characteristics of other access technologies such as CATV and wireless are for further study. Abnorm
46、al events such as link failures and route flaps (and the packet reordering that such events can cause) are not included in this Standard. The standard test cases use streams of interfering traffic that were captured on live networks. While realistic, they are still just examples; users could substit
47、ute their own files of interfering traffic. The LAN-to-LAN test cases of ITU-T G.1050 are now modelled as two cascaded ITU-T G.1050 core-to-LAN segments. See clause 6.3. The IP network model presented herein is based on an informal survey of anonymous IP service providers and IP network equipment ma
48、nufacturers in the 2010 timeframe and will continue to evolve as more statistical information becomes available and as the IP network evolves. The most significant limitation of the previous edition of the model was that the best effort traffic (e.g. HTTP) is injected from a pcap file and does not r
49、eact to congestion (as TCP normally would). As a result, the packet loss and delay statistics were somewhat higher than expected. To address this limitation, the best effort traffic that was previously injected from a pcap file has been replaced by a single TCP flow using iPerf. The specific characteristics of the iPerf flow depend on the specific TCP congestion control algorithm, but gene
