1、DOD-HDBK-17 MI W 7777970 OOLi8704 2 W METRICI 25 JULY 1986 . - DOD-HDBK- 1 78 (ER) MILITARY HANDBOOK QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTION OF OBSCURATION FACTORS FOR WAVE SYSTEMS ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND MILLIMETER METRIC E. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. NO DELIVERA
2、BLE DATA REQUIRED BY THIS DOCUMENT -_ L-. . THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS /+fJ PAGES. AREA MISC Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I_- - _- DOD-HDBK-178 NI 7777970 0048705 L
3、I W DOD-HDBK-l78(ER) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON, DC 20301 Quantitative Description of Obscuration Factors for Electro-Optical and Millimeter Wave Systems 1. This standardization handbook was developed by the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory of the US Army Laboratory Command with the assistance
4、of other organizations within the Department of the Army and industry. 2. This document supplements departmental manuals, directives, military standards, etc., and pro- vides fundamental information on the effects of natural and battlefield-induced obscurants on electro- optical and millimeter wave
5、systems. It contains tables that list the effects as major or minor, equations that allow detailed calculation of effects, and illustrative problems with realistic scenarios. It should provide valuable information to engineers and managers responsible or the design of electro-optical and millimeter
6、wave systems. 3. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to Commander/Director, US Army Laboratory Command, Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, AIX“: SLCAS-AR-A, White Sands Missile Range, NM 88
7、002-5501, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without l
8、icense from IHS-,-,-D OD -H D B K- 1 78( E R) . FOREWORD The general purpose of this handbook is to provide Army design engineers, scientists, and analysts with a method to quantify obscuration factors for electro- optical (EO) and millimeter wave (ininw) system. The specific purposes are (1) to pro
9、vide data and methodol- ogy for Army design engineers to assess the effects of natural obscurants and battlefield-induced containi- nants on EO and ininw systems, (2) to provide the analytical coininunity with inforination to calculate system performance, and (3) to indicate to the test and evaluati
10、on coininunity the effects that should be consid- ered when a systein is evaluated. Chapter 1 is a discussion OE the handbook contents and the use of the handbook. Chapter 2 is a qualitative description of EO and Inmw sensors and of the natural obscurants and battlefield-contarninants that may de- g
11、rade sensor performance. Chapter 3 provides quantta- tive information on natural obscurants, while Chapter L 4 contains quantitative inforination on battlefield- induced contaminants. Chapter 5 describes sensor per- formance measures, discusses sensor performance defeat mechanisms, anti illustrates
12、sensor performance calcu- lations using the quantitative data developed in Chap- ters 3 and 4. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, under the direction of the US Ariiiy Manageinetit Engineering Training Activity. The handbo
13、ok was written by DCS Corporation as subcontractor to Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. DAAAO8-80-C-0247. . ._ -7 . 111 Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-
14、,- ._- DOD-HDBK-178 MI 7777770 0048907 This page intentionally left blank. - - ,- - Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-. Fnrngraph 1-1 1-2 1-3 2-0 2-1 2-2 2-2.1 2-2.2
15、 2-2.3 2-3 2-3.1 2-3.2 2-3.3 2-3.4 2-3.5 2-4 2-4.1 2-4.2 2-4.3 2-4.4 2-4.5 2-5 2-5.1 2-5.2 2-5.3 2-6 2-6.1 2-62 2-7 2-7.1 2-7.2 2-8 2-8.1 2-8.2 2-8.3 2-9 2-9.1 2-9.2 DOD-HDBK-L7 NI = 7777770 OOLIB908 T = DOD-HDBK-I78(ER) CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATI
16、ONS . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE . SCOPE DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE HANDBOOK . CHAPTER 2 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION OP SENSORS AND OBSCURATION FACTORS LIST OF SYMBOLS . INTRODUCTION . ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND MILLIMETER WAVE SENSORS VISIBLE AND NEAR IR SENSORS (0.4-2.0 pm) THERMAL SYST
17、EMS (3-5 and 8-12 pm) MILLIMETER WAVE SENSORS (35 and 94 GHz) FACTORS THAT AFFECT EO AND MILLIMETER WAVE SENSOR PERFORMANCE EXTINCTION-ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING . ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE . CONTRAST TRANSMITTANCE OPTICAL TURBULENCE CLUTTER NATURAL OBSCURANTS WATER VAPOR AND GASEOUS ABSORPTION HAZE,
18、 FOG, AND CLOUDS . RAIN . SNOW BLOWING DUST . BATTLEFIELD OBSCURANTS . SMOKES AND OBSCURATION MATERIALS . DUST (MUNITION AND VEHICLE PRODUCED) FIRES AND FIRE PRODUGTS . AEROSOL PARAMETERS . SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION . CQMPQSITION,SHAPE, AND INDEX OF REFRACTION BATTLEFIELD-INDUCED CONTAMINA
19、NT PARAMETERS MASS EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AND CONCENTRATION PATH LENGTH . YIELD FACTOR AND BURN RATE . METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS METEOROLOGICAL MEASURABLES STABILITY CATEGORY MECHANICAL TURBULENCE EFFECTS OF ENVLROMENTAL FACTORS N Bk-ELFlELD-INDUCD . . CONTAMINANTS . TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION HUMIDITY
20、 AND TEMPERATURE Page ix xi xiii xiv 1-1 1-1 1-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-4 2-4 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-11 2-12 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-14 2-14 2-14 2-16 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-20 V Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CR
21、AINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-. ,. - . . I_ . DOD-HDBK-L7B RI 9777770 0048707 L = D OD-H D BK-178( ER) Paragraph 2-9.3 3-0 3-1 3-2 3-2.1 3-2.1.1 3-2.1.2 3-2.1.3 3-2.1.4 3-2.2 3-2.2. 3-2.2.2 3-2.2.3 3 -2.2.4 3-2.3 3-2.4 3-2.5 3-2.6 3-2.7 3-3 . 3-
22、3.1 3-3.2 3-3.3 3-3.4 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 4-0 4- 1 4-2 4-2.1 4-2.2 4-2.3 vi CONTENTS (contd) TERRAIN . REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY . CHAPTER 3 PROPERTIES AND FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL OBSCURATION FACTORS LIST OF SYMBOLS . INTRODUCTION . OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL OBSCURATION FACTORS . WATER VAPO
23、R AND GASEOUS ABSORPTION Visible Near IR (0.7-1.1 pm and 1.06 pm) Thermal (3-5 and 8-12 pm) HAZE. FOG. AND CLOUDS . Visible (0.4-0.1 pm) - . Near IR (0.7-1.1 pm and 1.06 pm) Thermal Bands (3-5 and 8-12 pm) and the COZ Laser Line (10.591 pm) CO1 Laser (2.391 pm) and Millimeter Wave (35 GHz and 94 GHz
24、) -. Millimeter Wave (35 GHz and 94 GHz) . RAIN . SNOW BLOWING DUST . OPTICAL TURBULENCE ILLUMINATION . . DESCRIPTION .OF SELECTED NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS TEMPERATE ZONE (EUROPEAN HIGHLANDS) TROPICS (CENTRAL AMERICA) . DESERT (MIDEAST DESERT) . IN THE EUROPEAN HIGHLANDS HIGH-LATITUDE NORTHERN ENVIRONME
25、NT (SCANDINAYIA) FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL OBSCURATION FACTORS FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL OBSCURATION FACTORS FREQUENCY OF .OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL OBSCURATION FACTORS FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF NATURAL OBSCURATION FACTORS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY IN CENTRAL AMERICA -(INTERIOR REGION)
26、IN THE MIDEAST DESERT IN SCANDINAVIA (EASTERN REGION) .- . CHAPTER 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BATTLEFIELD-INDUCED CONTAMINANTS LIST OF SYMBOLS . INTRODUCTION . SMOKES AND OBSCURATION MATERIAL . PHOSPHORUS SMOKES HEXACHLOROETHANE (HC) . DIESEL A.ND FOG OIL SMOKE Page 2-20 2-21 2-22 3-1 3-2 3-2 3-3 3-3
27、3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-9 3-9 3-10 3-10 3-11 3-13 3-13 3-17 3-17 3-22 3-30 3-31 a 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-4 4-5 4-6 a . Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
28、-,-,- DOD-HDBK-IJB NI 9999970 0048930 8 = DOD-HDBK-I78(ER) CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph 4-2.4 4-2.5 4-3 4-3.1 4-3.2 4-4 4-4.1 4-4.2 4-4.3 4-5 4-5.1 4-5.2 4-5.3 4-6 4-6.1 4-6.2 4-7 4-7.1 4-7.2 4-7.3 5-0 5-1 5-2 5-2.1 5-2.2 5-2.3 5-3.1 5-3.2 5-3.3 5-3.4 5-3.5 5-3.6 5-3.7 5-4 5-4.1 5-4.1.1 5-4.1.2 5-4.1.
29、3 5-4.1.4 5-4.1.5 5-4.2 . 5-3 . 5-4.2.1 5-4.2.2 5-4.2.3 DEVELOPMENTAL SMOKES THREAT SMOKES MUNITION EXPLOSIONS DUST AND DEBRIS GASEOUS EMISSIONS AND HEAT MUZZLE FLASH ROCKET PLUME VEHICULAR FACTORS . HELICOPTER DOWNWASH (LOFTED SNOW AND LOFTED DUST) . GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS . BATTLEFIELD
30、FIRES GUN-FIRING OR LAUNCHER-ASSOCIATED OBSCURATION DUST AND DEBRIS DUST (TRACKED AND WHEELED VEHICLES) . FIRE PRODUCTS FIRE-INDUCED TURBULENCE . BATTLEFIELD OBSCURANT USAGE LEVELS . ARTILLERY EXAMPLE . SMOKE EXAMPLE VEHICULAR DUST EXAMPLE . . REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY . CHAPTER 5 OBSCURATION FACTORS
31、AND SYSTEM DESIGN LIST OF SYMBOLS . INTRODUCXION . SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MEASURES PASSIVE IMAGING SYSTEMS . PASSIVE NONIMAGING SYSTEMS . ACTIVE NONIMAGING SYSTEMS EO AND MILLIMETER WAVE SYSTEM DEFEAT MECHANISMS . LOSS OF TRANSMITTANCE . CHANGE IN CONTRAST . FALSE TARGETS . CHANGE IN AMBIENT ILLUMINATIO
32、N . TURBULENCE POLARIZATION DEFEAT MECHANISM TABLES . ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS . DAY SIGHT IN CLEAR ATMOSPHERE AND SMOKE (CL=l) Conditions Determine Probability of Target Recognition in Natural Atmosphere Determine Probability of Target Recognition in Atmosphere With FO Smoke . Determine Probability of
33、 Target Recognition in Atmosphere With WP Smoke Summary: Smoke Effects on Day Sight Performance THERMAL IMAGER IN CLEAR ATMOSPHERE AND SMOKE (CL=l) Conditions Determine Probability of Target Recognition in Natural Atmosphere Determine Probability of Target Recognition in Natural Atmosphere With FO S
34、moke . Page 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-9 4-9 4-9 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-15 4-20 4-21 4-22 5-1 5-1 5-2 5-2 5-7 5-8 5-12 5-13 5-13 5-13 5-13 5-13 5-14 5-14 5-14 5-14 5-14 5-17 5-23 5-23 5-23 5-23 5-23 5-24 5-24 vii . -.-.e f-.-=-. .- . Copyright Communications - Electronics Command
35、 Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I = . . I_. _- DOD-HDBK-L7B MI W 7977770 00471L T W CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph 5-4.2.4 5-4.2.5 5-4.3 5-4.3.1 5-4.3.2 5-4.3.3 5-4.3.4 5-4.4 5-4.4.1 5-4.4.2 5-4.4.3 5-4.5 5-4.5.1
36、5-4.5.2 5-4.5.3 5-4.6 5-4.6.1 5-4.6.2 5-4.6.3 5-4.6.4 5-4.7 5-4.7.1 5-4.7.2 5-4.7.3 5-4.8 5-4.8.1 5-4.8.2 5-4.8.3 5-4.9 5-4.9.1 5-4.9.2 5-4.9.3 5-4.10 5-4.10.1 5-4.10.2 5-4.10.3 Determine Probability of Target Recognition in Natural Atmosphere With WP SMOKE Summary: Smoke Effects on Thermal Sight Pe
37、rformance Nd: YAG LRF IN HAZY ATMOSPHERE AND WP SMOKE (CL=l) Conditions Determine SNR and 90% Detection Range in Natural Atmosphere Determine SNR and 90% Detection Range in Atmosphere With WP Smoke . Summary: Smoke Effects on Nd: YAG LRF Performance LASER OPERATION IN TURBULENCE . Conditions . Calcu
38、late On-Axis Irradiance and Beam Size Range R in Turbulent Atmosphere Summary: Effects of Turbulence on LRF ARTILLERY EXAMPLE. THERMAL SENSOR AND WIRE-GUIDED MISSILE Conditions Determine Atmospheric Transmittance . Summary: Artillery Example. Thermal Sensor and Wire-Guided Missile ARTILLERY EXAMPLE.
39、 LASER DESIGNATOR Conditions Determine Atmospheric Transmittance for Visual Target Acquisition Determine Atmospheric Transmittance for Laser Designator . Summary: Artillery Example. Laser Designator ARTILLERY EXAMPLE. MILLIMETER WAVE SYSTEM . Conditions Determine Atmospheric Transmittance . Summary:
40、 Artillery Example. Millimeter Wave System OBSCURING SMOKE EXAMPLE. LASER GUIDANCE Conditions Determine Atmospheric Transmittance Summary: Obscuring Smoke Example. Laser Guidance VEHICULAR DUST EXAMPLE. LASER GUIDANCE . Conditions Determine Atmospheric Transmittance . Summary: Vehicular Dust Example
41、. Laser Guidance . PRECIPITATION EXAMPLE. LASER GUIDANCE Conditions Symmary: Precipitation Example . REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY . APPENDIX A APPENDIX B . Determine Atmospheric Transmittance . GLOSSARY . INDEX . Page 5-25 5-25 5-25 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-27 5-27 5-27 5-28 5-28 5-28 5-28 5-29 5-29 5-30 ?-30 5-
42、30 5-31 5-31 5-31 5-31 5-31 5-32 5-32 5-32 5-32 5-33 5-33 5-33 5-33 5-34 5-34 5-34 5-34 5-35 5-35 5-35 A- 1 B- 1 G- 1 I- 1 a m . Vkll -, . - - . Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
43、 from IHS-,-,-DOD-HDBK-I78(ER) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure No . 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 a i:; 4- 1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4- 17 4-18 4-19 4-20 Title Page Atmospheric Transmittance T(A) v
44、s Wavelength A (Ref . 1) . Droplets (Ref . 2) Scattering Direction for Mie and Rayleigh Scattering (Ref . 3) . Direct View Geometria (Ref . 5) Target Acquisition Geometry, Designator not Collocated With Sensor (Ref . 5) . Solar Spectrum as Seen Through the Earths Atmosphere (Ref . 9) Smoke Screen-Ef
45、fective Length and Smoke Phases (Ref . 5) . Scattering Efficiency as a Function of Particle Size to Wavelength Ratio for Small Water Munition Dust Cloud Impact, Rise. and Drift and Dissipation Phase (Ref . 5) Atmospheric Stability Effect on Smoke Cloud Development (Ref . 5) Atmospheric Stability Eff
46、ect on HE-Generated Dust Cloud Development (Ref . 5) . Effect of Prevailing Wind on Smoke Placement and Diffusion (Ref . 5) . Light Level Under Various Atmospheric Conditions Mean Cloudiness in Percentage of Sky Cover, January (Ref . 17) . Solar Insolation. January (Ref . 16) . European Highlands Re
47、gion (Ref . 3) . Central American Region (Ref . 19) . Mideast Desert Region (Ref . 3) Eastern Scandinavian Region (Ref . 19) . European Highlands. Frequency of Natural Obscuration . Frequency of Occurrence of Transmittance at Fulda. FRG (Ref . 20) . Central America. Frequency of Natural Obscuration
48、. Frequency of Occurrence of Transmittance. Mideast Desert (Ref . 20) Eastern Scandinavia. Frequency of Natural Obscuration . Mideast Desert. Frequency of Natural Obscuration . Mass Extinction Coefficient of Standard Screening Smokes (Refs . 1 and 2) Integrated WP Smoke Concentration vs Time (Ref .
49、7) . Integrated HC Smoke Concentration vs Time (Ref . 7) . Integrated Fog Oil Concentration vs Time (Ref . 7) HE-Generated Dust Cloud Hot Spot Radius vs Time (Ref . 14) . HE-Generated Dust Cloud Centroid Height vs Time (Ref . 14) Transmittance Through Snow Lofted by Helicopter Downwash (Ref . 20) . Downward-Looking OpticaI Depth of HE-Generated Dust After Fifth Volley (Ref
