1、MIL-HDBK-LILLB SL W 9777770 00b2L4 5 NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-411 B 15 MAY 1990 SUPERSEDING 21 MAY 1971 MIL-HDBK-411 A MILITARY HANDBOOK POWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT FOR SENSITIVE DoD ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (POWER) VOLUME II DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. ApDroved for Dublic release: distribution is
2、 unlimited. a Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-4LLB SL VOLUME II CONTENTS PAGE ,.i 11-1 . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 . , . . :. . . . . . 11-1 .o. 11-1 .o
3、b 11-2 . 11-2 o 11-2 - PARAGRAPH SCOPE . . Purpose 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 . . . .e* . e . Appi i cabi 1 i ty Application guidance. . . Safety. . . . . . . . . Safe work place . . . . Confined spaces . . . 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4*3 Electrical/electronic equipment . 11-2 11-3 11-3 11-3 2. 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 REFERENC
4、ED DOCUMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standards and handbooks . . . . . . . . . . Other Government documents, drawings, and pub1 ications. . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . Other publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Order of precedence .
5、. . . . . . . . . . . . Sources of documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4 11-5 11-6 II 2.2 2.3 2.4 11-7 11-7 11-7 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acronyms and abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . Terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 3.1 3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS -
6、 Not applicable, see Volume I. 11-10 4. 11-11 11-11 11-1 1 5. 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.5.1 5.2.6 5.2.6.1 5.2.6.2 5.2.6.3 5.2.6.4 5.2.6.5 5.2.7 5.2.9 5.2.8 DETAILED REQUIREMENTS , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System design . . . . . . . . .
7、. . . . . . . . . Primary power generation. . . . . . . . . . . Power transmission. . . . . . . . . . . e Power disturbances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Power protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Low voltage ac and dc distribution. . . . . . , One-1 i ne power distribution . . . . . . . . Overcu
8、rrent protection. . . . . . . . . . . . Protection techniques and location of devices Fuses . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . Circuit breakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protective re1 ays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surge suppressors (arresters) . . . . . . . . Transformers. . . . . . . . . .
9、 . . . . . . . . Power conditioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . e . Auxiliary power sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11 11-12 11-1 2 11-15 11-15 11-18 11-18 11-18 11-21 11-21 11-22 1 1-23 1 1-23 11-23 I 1-23 ii Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not
10、 for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-LILLB Si m 9999970 00b2L50 3 m MIL-HDBK-411 B 5.2.10 5.2.10.1 5.2.10.1.1 5.2.10.1.2 5.2.1 0.2 5.2.10.3 5.2.10.4 5.2.10.5 5.2.1 1 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5a3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6 53.7 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.3 5.4.3.1 5.4.3
11、.2 5.4.4 5.4.4.1 5-4.4.2 5.4.4.3 5i4.4.4 5.4.4.5 5.4.4.5.1 5.4.4.5.2 5.4.4,6 -5.4.4.7 5.4.4.8 5.4.4.9 5.4,5 5.4.5.1 5.4.5.2 5.4.5.3 5.4.6 5.4.6.1 5.4.7 5.4.7.1 5.4.7.2 5.4.7.3 VOLUIUIE I I CONTENTS (conti nued) Al ternati ve power sources . Solar power . Photovoltaic electrical power . Solar thermal
12、 energy conversion Renewable al ternate fuel s . Fuel cells . Wind energy conversion Small nuclear reactors Life safety Systems engineering . Simp1 ici ty . Reliability Flexibility Operabi 1 i ty Mai ntai nabi 1 i ty Quality Cost effectiveness . Power generation . General Classes of power sources Ge
13、nerating unit Generating control systems Automating transfer switches . Prime mover Air intake system Exhaust system Diesel engine fuel system Fuel selection and storage Cool i ng system Radiator Evaporative cool er . Engine 1 ubricati on Preheat assemblies Engine governors . Alarm and shutdown syst
14、ems Ge ne ra to r . Brush-type ac generator . Brushless ac generator Vol tage regulator Automatic control s for auxi 1 i ary operating units Operation of controls Mu1 ti pl e generati ng uni ts . Para1 1 el operati on Division of circuit loads Generator connections 11-23 11-26 11-26 11-27 11-27 11-3
15、4 11-39 11-42 11-42 11-42 11-42 11-43 11-43 11-43 11-43 11-43 11-43 11-43 11-43 11-44 11-44 11-44 11-46 11-46 1 1-46 11-46 1 1-46 11-49 11-49 11-49 11-50 11-50 11-50 11-50 11-50 11-51 11-52 11-52 11-52 11-52 11-53 11-53 11-53 11-55 11-55 i ii Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided b
16、y IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- . - W 9999370 00b2L5L 5 W - MIL-HDBK-VLLB SL MIL-tiDBK-411B - VOLUME II CONTENTS (continued) 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.2.1 5.5.2.2 5.5.2.3 5.5.2.4 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.4.1 5.5.5 5.5.6 5.5.6.1 5.5
17、.6.2 5.5.6.3 5.5.6.4 5.5.6.5 5.5.6.5.1 5.5.6.5.1.1 5.5.6.5.1.2 5.5.6.5.1.3 5.5.6.6 5.5.6.7 5.5.6.7.1 5,5.6.7.2 5.5.6.7.3 5.5.6.7.4 5.5.6.7.5 5.5.6.7.5.1 5.5.6.7.5.2 5.5.6.7.5.3 5.5.6.7.6 5.5.6.7.6.1 5.5.6.7.6.2 5.5.6.7.7 5.5.6.7.7.1 5.5.6.7.7.2 5.5.6.7.8 5.5.6.7.8.1 5.5.6.7.8.2 5.5.6.7.8.3 5.5.6.7.8
18、.4 5.5.6.7.8.5 5.5.6.7.9 Power transmission. . General Off-site commercial power . Two commercial power sources . Contract . Commercial power sources . Power factor correction . On-si te power . Secondary distribution substation . Types of secondary distribution substations . Substation enclosure Pr
19、otective devices . Feeders and branch circuits . High-vol tage protection devices . Disconnect means . Switches . Grounding of ac power distribution systems . . Preferred conduit types Treatment of couplings Condui t posi ti oni ng Use of flexible conduit . Lightning arresters . . . . . Voltage tran
20、sient suppression Detection of transient . Types of transient suppressors . Rating of transient suppressors . . . . Power conditioning equipment EMP-generated transients Balanced design of facilities . Comparison of EMP with lightning . . . Objective of EMP hardening . . . Use of shielded enclosures
21、 in transient protection . Shielding effectiveness . . . Factors affecting shelding effectiveness . Control concepts for chi el ded encl osures . . Ideal shiel ded enclosure . Control of shield penetrations . . . Transient protection concept Conductor treatment . Treatment of other shield penetratio
22、ns . . Use of fiber optics in transient protection Use of filters in transient protection . . Use of discrete components in transient protection Combination of devices to achieve maximum protection 11-56 11-56 11-56 11-56 11-56 11-58 11-58 11-62 11-62 11-62 11-63 11-63 11-63 11-63 11-63 11-65 11-65
23、11-65 11-65 11-66 11-66 11-66 11-66 11-66 11-69 11-71 11-71 11-71 11-71 11-73 11-75 11-75 11-78 11-78 11-81 1 1-81 11-81 11-83 1 1-83 11-83 11-85 11-85 11-90 11-94 iv Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking p
24、ermitted without license from IHS -,-,-. i 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.2.1 5.6.2.2 5.6.3 5.6.3.1 5.6.3.2 5.6.3.3 5.6.4 5.6.4.1 5.6.4.2 5.6.5 5.6.5.1 5.6.5.2 5.6.5.3 5.6.5.4 5.6.6 5.6.6.1 5.6.6.2 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.1.1 5.7.1.2 5.7.1.3 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.3.1 5.7.3.2 5.7.3.3 5.7.4 5.7.4.1 5.7.4.2 5.7.4.3 5.7.4.3.1 5.7
25、.4.3.2 5.7.5 5.7.5.1 5.7.5.1.1 5.7.5.1.1.1 5.7.5.1.1.2 5.7.5.1.1.3 5.7.5.1.1.4 5.7.5.1.1.5 5*7.5.2 5.7.5.3 5.7.5.3.1 5.7.5.3.2 MIL-HDBK-411 B VOLUf.ilE I I CONTENTS (continued) Transformers . General Transformer cl assi fi cations Conventional power transformer Autotransformer . Classification based
26、 on usage . Distribution transformers Power transformers Instrument transformers . Transformer vaults . Interior vau1 ts . Venti 1 ati on . Transformer connections Del ta-del ta . Delta-wye Wye-wye . Polarity . Loading transformers Underload Over1 oad . Low-vol tage ac distribution . Technical power
27、 hierarchy . Critical technical load . Noncri tical technical 1 oad Nontechnical load Non-operational load restoration Load distribution design Radial distribution . Primary-selective distribution Secondary-selective distribution . istri bution system components . Primary unit substation . Secondary
28、 unit substation Panelboards . Power di stri buti on panel s . Lighting and appl i ance panel s . Power distribution design . Primary unit substation . Transformers Voltage rating. ratio. and taps . Voltage taps and method of tap change . . Transformer impedance Types of cooling . Interrupters. swit
29、chgear. and protectors . Panelboards . Panelboard locations Panel board 1 oad assignments Ki 1 ovo1 tamperes (kVa ) rati ng . 11-94 i 1-94 11-94 1 1-94 11-94 11-96 11-96 11-96 11-96 11-96 1 1-96 11-96 11-9t 11-97 11-97 11-97 11-97 11-98 11-98 11-98 11-98 11-98 11-98 11-1 00 11-100 11-100 11-1 00 11-
30、100 11-100 11-100 11-103 11-103 11-103 11-103 11-103 11-103 11-105 11-105 11-1 05 11-105 11-105 11-106 11-106 11-106 11-1 06 11-107 11-107 mo-/ V Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without lice
31、nse from IHS -,-,- _I_ - .- _ MIL-HDBK-4LLE SL m 9999770 0062353 9 m MIL-HDBK-411 B VOLUME II CONTENTS (continued) . 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.1.1 5.8.1.2 5.8.1.3 5.8.1.4 5.8.2 5.8.2.1 5.8.2.2 5.8.2.3 5.8.2.3.2 5.8.2.3.3 5.8.2.3.4 5.8.2.3.5 5.8.2.3.5.2 5.8.3 5.8.3.1 5.8.3.1.1 5.8.3.1.2 5.8.3.1.3 5.8.3.1.4 5.8.3
32、.1.5 5.8.3.1.6 5.8.3.1.7 5.8.3.1.8 5.8.3.1.9 5.9 5.9.1 5.8.2.3.1 5.8.2.3.5.1 5.9.1.1 5.9.1.2 5.9.2 5.9.2.1 5.9.2.2 5.9.2.3 5.9.2.4 5.9.3 5.9.4 5.9.4.1 5.9.4.2 5.9.4.3 5.9.5 5.9.5.1 5.9.5.2 5.9.5.3 5.9.5.4 Direct current (dc) power systems Types of dc power supplies . Recti fi er -c ha rge rs Convert
33、ers Inverters . Dc power supply phases . Dc voltage distribution Protection devices Dc conductors Eatteries Speci fi c gravi ty Capacity Temperature Calculating battery requirements . . . . Types of storage batteries . Nickel /cadmium batteries . Maintenance-free batteries Battery room consideration
34、s Battery room design and construction . Construction materials and methods . Battery racks . Venti 1 ati on Hazardous chemical control . Battery safety. Personnel safety Fire protection Heating and cooling Conductor color code practices . Power conversi on. condi ti oni ng . and regul ati on . Spec
35、ial power considerations for communications and computer-based equipment Decentralized power distribution . Use of outlet surge protectors Uninterrruptible Power Systems (UPS) Rotary UPS Solid state UPS . No-break generators . UPSbypass Voltage regulation . Power isolation Isolation transformers Pow
36、er filters Power filter bypass . Power di stri buti on . Circuit breakers and distribution panels . . Special applications for fuses Ground-faul t circuit interrupters (GFCI) . Distribution transformers 11-1 07 11-107 11-108 11-1 09 11-113 11-113 11-113 11-113 11-115 11-115 11-118 11-118 11-118 11-1
37、20 11-120 11-121 11-1 21 11-1 21 11-1 21 11-122 11-122 11-122 11-124 11-1 24 11-125 11-125 11-125 11-1 25 11-126 11-1 26 11-129 11-129 11-1 29 11-130 11-130 11-134 11-134 11-134 11-134 11-135 11-135 11-135 11-1 35 11-137 11-137 11-137 11-138 vi Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided
38、 by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-. T 5.10 5.10.1 5.1 1 5.12 5.13 5.13.1 5.13.2 6 . 61 6.2 6.3 1 2 3 4 -5 . 6 . . 7. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 MIL-HDBK-411 t3 VOLUME II CONTENTS (continued
39、) Electric motor selection and control . Antenna rotators and satellite antennas . Low cost EMP/transient protection methods Mi nimi zing el ectri cal and el ectrostati c disturbances Electromagnetic interference (EM1 1 standards . . Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) solutions . Electric motor con
40、trol and protection . NOTES . Intended use . Subject term (key word) listing . Changes from previous issue . FIGURES Graphic explanation of power quality terms . Basic lightning arresters . si ngl e-phase power di stri buti on One-line diagram concept Power hierarchy di agram Representative indoor s
41、urge waveform Silicon solar cell . Photovoltaic arrany Central receiver solar system . Di stri buted col 1 ector sol ar system . Solar pond . The Sterling engine cycle . The Sterling engine generator mounted at the focus of a parabolic solar collector Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell . Wind energy conversi
42、on devices . Emergency generator transfer switch Diesel fuel system . Parallel operation of engine generator sets e . . Transmission and distribution system block diagram One-line diagram of a facility requiring all categories of power Leading power factor triangle . Electric motor power factor corr
43、ection capacitor 1 ocati ons Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) installation locations . F1 exi bl e condui t bypass method . Component damage levels in joules . Coverage and characteristics of HEMP Common/normal mode transients in 120 v vi i 11-1 40 11-1 40 11-142 11-142 11-142 11-142 11-144 11-145 11-145
44、11-145 11-146 11-14 11-16 11-1 7 11-19 11-20 11-24 I I-2% 11-29 11-31 11-32 1 1-33 11-35 11-36 11-38 11-41 11-47 11-48 11-54 11-57 11-59 11-60 11-61 11-64 11-67 11-72 11-74 Copyright Communications - Electronics Command Provided by IHS under license with CRAI Not for Resale No reproduction or networ
45、king permitted without license from IHS -,-,-.2 7 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 I II III IV V VI VI I VI11 IX X XI XI I FIGURES (continued) Generalized topological protection. . . . . . . . . Absor tion and reflection loss from a shield. Treatment of p
46、enetrations . . , . . . . , . , , , Use of honeycomb structure to control EMP . . . . . Example of fiber optics shield penetrations . . . . Packaging of typical transient suppression devices. Attac R ed methods of external conductors . . . , . . - MIL-HDBK-4LLB SL 7777970 00b2155 2 - - MIL-HDBK-4111
47、3 VOLUME II Comrnon/nrmal mode transients in 120 v single-phase power distribution . . . . . . . , Power hierarchy diagram . . . . . . . . , One-line diagram of a facility requiring all categories of power . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commonly used primary distribution systems. . . Grounding and neutra
48、l (grounded) wiring Schematic representation of an SCK. , . . . . Hal f-wave rectifier . . . . . . . . . . , . . . Fu1 1 -wave bridge recti fi er. . . . . . . . . . . Typical distribution network. . . . . . Typical battery ce1 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrometer, . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . Ty
49、pical batter racks. . . , . . . . . . . . . . Power regulation, isolation, protection configuration . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . Sirnplex UPS modes of operation. . , . , Off-line UPS. . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . Simplex full-time UPS configuration . . . . Representative ac power distribution diagram. . Distribution transformer connections. . . . Electric motor circuit. . . . . . . . . . Low-cost E
