1、NIL-HDBK-Ia84 m 9999970 OL97L82 8T9 m SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-684 FEBRUARY 15, 1995 MILITARY HANDBOOK DESIGN OF COMBAT VEHICLES FOR FIRE SURVIVABILITY AMSC NIA DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A, Approved fcr public release; distribution is unlimited. FSC 12GP Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or netw
2、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-Lt84 9999970 OL97L83 735 m MIL-HDBK-684 FOREWORD l. This military handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, and deletions) and any pertinent da
3、ta that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to Commander, US Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command, ATTN: AMSTA- TR-T, Warren, MI 48397-5000, by using the Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3.
4、 This handbook was developed to provide guidance to the armored combat vehicle designer and program managers for the incorporation of fire survivability techniques early in the process and throughout the development of a vehicle. The application of these techniques should enhance the survivability o
5、f the combat vehicle and its crew. The design procedures and survivabil- ity techniques are also applicable to aircraft and naval vessels. 4. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook/ Information Program, which is under the direction
6、 of the US Army Industrial Engineering Activity. Research Triangle Institute (RTI) was the prime contractor for this handbook under Contract No. DAAA09-86-DW. This handbook was prepared at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), a subcontractor to RTI, by a diverse team of experts under the direction o
7、f the principal investigator and author, Mr. Patrick H. Zabel. Mr. Zabels dedication and attention to detail were crucial to the successful com- pletion of this work. The development of this handbook was guided by a technical working group (TWG) chaired by Dr. James L. Thompson and composed of indiv
8、iduals from the Department of Defense. Mr. Steve McCormick of the US Army Tank/ Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center deserves special recognition for his manuscript reviews and technical guidance to the principal investigator and the Engineering Handbook Office at RTI. Provided b
9、y IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MIL-HDBK-684 9 9999970 OL97L84 b7L 9 MIL-HDBK-684 CONTENTS FOREWORD ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . xvi LIST OF TABLES . xxi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . xx111 . 1-0 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 CHAPTER 1 INTRO
10、DUCTION LIST OF SYMBOLS 1-1 PURPOSE . 1-1 1 . 1 . 1 GENERAL PURPOSE . 1-1 1-1.2 OBJECTIVE 1-1 SCOPE 1-1 APPLICATION 1-1 OVERVIEW . 1-1 1-4.1 BACKGROUND 1-1 1-4.1.1 Review of Combat Vehicle Use 1-2 1-4.1.2 Review of Threats 1-4 1-4.1.2.1 Direct-Fire Threats . 1-4 1-4.1.2.2 Overhead and Underneath Thr
11、eats 1-5 1-4.1.2.3 Incendiary Threats . 1-5 1-4.1.3 Review of Survivability Enhancement Techniques . 1-5 1-4.2.1 Basic Combat Vehicle Design Philosophy 1-6 1-4.2.2 Incorporation of Fire Survivability Concepts 1-7 COST ANALYSIS . 1-8 1-4.2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY . 1-6 1-5.1 COST-EFFECTIVENESS STUDIES COND
12、UCTED AT THE US ARMY TANK-AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND (TARADCOM) NOW US ARMY TANK- AUTOMOTIVE COMMAND (TACOM) 1-8 1-5 . 1 . 1 External Fuel Cell for Ml 13 FoV 1-8 1-5.1.2 AFDSE for M60 Series MBT . 1-8 1-5.2 COST ANALYSIS FOR FAASV PREPARED BY TACOM . 1-9 1-5.3 METHODOLOGY TO ESTIMAT
13、E LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF AIRCRAFT FUEL SYSTEM SURVIVABILITY ENHANCEMENT CONCEPTS . 1-9 CONTENT OF HANDBOOK . 1-10 REFERENCES . 1-11 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 1-11 2-0 2- 1 2-2 CHAPTER 2 CATEGORIZATION OF FIRES LIST OF SYMBOLS 2-1 INTRODUCTION 2. 1 DEFINITION OF FIRES 2.2 2-2.1.1 Fluid Combustibles 2-2 2-2.1.1.1 I
14、gnition of Fuel Vapors 2.3 2-2.1.1.2 Ignition of Fuel Mist 2-4 2-2.1.1.3 Geometry Effects . 2-5 2-2.1.1.4 Ignition of Vapors by an Exploding Charge 2-6 2-2.1.1.5 Ignition of a Spray by a Heated Surface 2-8 2-2.1.1.6 Ignition by Hot Particles 2-8 2-2.1.1.7 Environmental Effects . 2-8 2-2.1.2 Solid Co
15、mbustibles 2-8 2-2.1 IGNITION 2-2 . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-684 2-2.1.3 Solid Combustible-Oxidizer Mixture . 2-12 2-2.2 GROWTH . 2-12 2-3 RAPID-GROWIH FIRES . 2-13 2-3.1 MUNITION INITIATION 2-13 2-3 . 1 . 1 Kin
16、etic Energy Threats 2-13 . 2-3.1.2 Chemical Energy Threats . 2-14 2-3.1.3 Incendiary Threats 2-16 2-3.1.4 Blast Threats . 2-16 2-32 FUEL . 2-17 2-3.2.1 Locations . 2-17 2-3.2.2 Hazards . 2-17 2-3.3 HYDRAULIC FLUID . 2-18 2-3.3.1 Locations . 2-18 2-3.3.2 Hazards . 2-20 2-3.4 MUNITIONS . 2-20 2-3.4.1
17、Locations . 2-20 2-3.4.2 Hazards . 2-20 2-4 SLOW-GROWTH FIRES . 2-20 2-4.1 IGNITION SOURCJ3S 2-20 2-4.1.1 Electricity 2-20 2-4.1.2 Hot Surfaces 2-21 2-4.1.3 Exothermic Reactions . 2-21 2-4.2 COMBUSTIBLES . 2-21 2-4.2.1 Fuel . 2-21 2-4.2.2 Hydraulic Fluids . 2-22 2-4.2.3 Oil and Lubricants 2-22 2-4.2
18、.4 Others 2-24 REFERENCES 2-25 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 2-26 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND HAZARDS 3- 1 INTRODUCTION 3-1 3-2 MOBILITY FUELS 3-1 3-2.1 DF-2: DIESEL FUEL . 3-2 3-2.2 DF-1 WINTER-GRADE DIESEL ENGINE FUEL . 3-2 3-2.3 DF-A ARCTIC DIESEL ENGINE FUEL 3-2 3-2.4 JP-8 KEROSENE-TYPE AVIATION TURBINE ENGINE FUE
19、L . 3-2 3-2.5 OTHER FUELS 3-6 3-2.5.1 JP-4 Gasoline-Type Aviation Turbine Engine Fuel . 3-6 3-2.5.2 JP-5 High-Flash-Point, Kerosene-Type Aviation Turbine Engine Fuel . 3-6 3-2.5.3 Automotive Gasoline 3-6 3-2.5.4 Gasohol . 3-6 3-2.5.5 Commercial Diesel Fuels 3-7 3-2.5.6.1 NATO Diesel Fuel F-54 3-7 3-
20、2.5.6.2 Russian Diesel Fuels . 3-7 3-2.5.6.3 Foreign Commercial Diesel Fuels 3-8 3-2.5.7 Primary, Alternate, and Emergency Fuels 3-8 3-2.5.7.1 Field-Expedient Mixtures . 3-8 3-2.5.7.2 Comparison of Fuel Types 3-8 3-2.5.7.3 Single Fuel on the Battlefield . 3-9 3-2.5.8 Fire-Resistant Fuels 3-9 3-2.5.6
21、 Foreign Diesel Fuels . 3-7 3-3 HYDRAULIC FLUIDS . 3-10 3-3.1 FIRE-RESISTANT HYDRAULIC FLUID . 3-10 iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-684 3.3 . 1 . 1 MIL.H.46170, Hydraulic Fluid. Rust.Inhibited. Fire.Resistant. Synthetic
22、 Hydrocarbon-Base 3-3.1.2 MIL-H-83282. Hydraulic Fluid, Fire-Resistant, Synthetic Hydrocarbon-Base. Aircraft, Metric. NATO Symbol H-537 3-13 3-3.1.3 Proposed Single Hydraulic Fluid 3-13 (Military Symbol FRH. NATO Symbol H544) 3-13 3-3.2 NONFLAMMABLE HYDRAULIC FLUIDS 3-13 3-3.3 PETROLEUM-BASED FLUIDS
23、 3-13 3-3.3.1 MIL-H-6083. Hydraulic Fluid. Petroleum-Base for Preservation and Operation (Military Symbol 3-3.3.2 MIL-H-5606, Hydraulic Fluid, Petroleum-Base, Aircraft, Missile, and Ordnance (Military OHT, NATO Symbol C-635) 3-14 Symbol OHA, NATO Symbol H-5 15) 3-14 3-3.3.3 MIL-H-19457, Hydraulic Fl
24、uid. Fire.Resistant, Nonneurotoxic 3-14 Metric (Military Symbol BFS, NATO Code No . H-547) . 3-14 3-3.3.4 MIL-B-46176, Brake Fluid, Silicone, Automotive, All-Weather, Operational and Preservative, 3-3.4 HYDRAULIC FLUID HAZARDS 3-14 3-3.4.1 Ignition and Combustion of a Spray 3-14 3-3.4.2 Ballistic Ru
25、pture of a Vessel 3-16 3-3.4.3 Combustion of a Pool . 3-16 3-3.4.4 Ignition and Combustion on a Hot Surface . 3-17 3-4 OTHER PETROLEUM. OILS, AND LUBRICANTS (POL) . 3-18 3-4.1 TRANSMISSION FLUIDS. ENGINE OILS, AND LUBRICANTS . 3-18 3-4 . 1 . 1 MIL-L-2104, Lubricating Oil, Internal Combustion Engine.
26、 CombatRactical Service 3-18 3-4.1.2 MIL-L-2105, Lubricating Oil, Gear. Multipupose 3-18 3-4.1.3 MIL-L-7808, Lubricating Oil. Aircraft Turbine Engine, Synthetic.Base. NATO Code No . 0-148 . 3-18 3-4.1.4 MIL-L-9000. Lubricating Oil, Shipboard Internal Combustion Engine, High-Output Diesel 3-20 3-4.1.
27、5 MIL-L.21260, Lubricating Oil, Internal Combustion Engine, Preservative and Break-in 3-20 3-4.1.6 MIL-L-23699, Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Turbine Engine. Synthetic Base . 3-20 3-4.1.7 MIL-L-46152, Lubricating Oil. Internal Combustion Engine. Administrative Service 3-20 3-4.1.8 MIL-L-46167, Lubricati
28、ng Oil, Internal Combustion Engine, Arctic 3-20 3-4.1.9 VV.L-765, Lubricant, Enclosed Gear, Nonextreme Pressure 3-20 3-4.2.1 MIL-A-11755, Antifreeze, Arctic-Type . 3-21 3-4.2.2 MIL-A-46153, Antifreeze. Ethylene Glycol, Inhibited, Heavy-Duty, Single Package 3-21 3-4.2.3 Other Freeze Point Suppressant
29、s 3-21 3-4.2 ANTIFREEZE COMPOUNDS . 3-20 3-4.3 FOG OIL 3-21 3-5 MUNITIONS . 3-22 3-5.1 GUN AND SOLID ROCKET PROPELLANTS 3-23 3-5.2 HIGH EXPLOSIVES 3-24 3-5.3 OTHER MUNITIONS 3-26 3-6 OTHER COMBUSTIBLES . 3-28 3-6.1.1 Elastomer Types . 3-29 3-6.1.2 Thermoplastic Types 3-29 3-6.1.3 Toxic Effects . 3-2
30、9 3-6.1 ELECTRIC WIRING INSULATION . 3-28 3-6.2 SPALL AND RADIATION LINERS . 3-29 3-6.3 SEATS . 3-33 3-6.4 ON-VEHICLE EQUIPMENT (OVE) . 3-35 3-6.5 PAINTS AND COATINGS 3-35 3-6.5.2 Intumescent Coatings 3-35 3-6.6 MISCELLANEOUS COMBUSTIBLES 3-35 3-6.5.1 Nonintumescent Coatings . 3-35 3-6.6.1 Elastomer
31、s, Plastics, Fire-Retardant Additives, and Fillers 3-40 3-6.6.1.1 Plastics 3-45 3-6.6.1.2 Elastomers . 3-45 3-6.6.1.3 Fire-Retardant Additives . 3-45 V Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-684 3-6.6.1.4 Fillers 3-45 3-6.6.2 Tex
32、tiles . 3-46 3-6.6.3 Other . 3-46 REFERENCES 3-49 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 3-53 CHAPTER 4 FIRE PREVENTION 4- 1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4- 1.1 TRAINING-INDUCED FIRES . 4-2 4- 1.2 BATIZE-INDUCED FIRES . 4-2 4-1.2.1 Battle Damage Assessment and Repair Program Database . 4-2 4-1.2.2 Vehicles. Situations, Threats, and Co
33、mbustibles 4-5 4-1.2.3 Hits: Number and Locations 4-5 4-2 ENGINE TYPES . 4-10 4-2.1.1 Fuel Feed . 4-12 4-2.1 COMPRESSION IGNITION 4-11 4-2.1.2 Hot-Surface Ignition . 4-13 4-2.2.1 Fuel Feed 4-14 4-2.2.2 Hot-Surface Ignition . 4-14 4-2.2 SPARK IGNITION . 4-14 4-2.3 TURBINE 4-14 4-2.3.1 Fuel Feed 4-15
34、4-3 FUEL SYSTEM . 4-16 4-2.3.2 Hot-Surface Ignition 4-16 4-3.1 FUEL STORAGE 4-16 4-3.1.1 Current US Fuel Cell Design 4-17 4-3.1.2 Fuel Cell Design Criteria 4-18 4-3.1.3 Fuel Cell Location . 4-19 4-3.1.4 Hydraulic Ram Loads . 4-19 4-3.1.5 Fuel Cell Survivability Enhancement . 4-20 4-3.1.6 Comments on
35、 Fuel Cell Design 4-23 4-3.2 FUEL TRANSFER SUBSYSTEM . 4-23 4-3.3 FUEL LINE CONSTRUCTION AND ROUTING 4-24 4-3.4 FUEL TYPES 4-25 4-3.5 LESSONS LEARNED 4-25 4-3.5.1 Design of Vehicular Bilge 4-25 4-3.5.2 Selection of Engine Types 4-26 4-3.5.3 Design and Location of Fuel Cells . 4-26 4-3.5.5 Selection.
36、 Design, and Location of Space Heaters . 4-27 4-3.5.6 Smoke Generators . 4-29 4-3.5.4 Design and Location of Fuel Lines . 4-27 4-4 HYDRAULIC AND ANCILLARY POWER SYSTEMS 4-29 4-4.1 POWER MEDIA CHOICE . 4-29 4-4.1.1 Liquid Systems . 4-29 4-4.1.2 Pneumatic Systems . 4-30 4-4.1.3 System Specifications .
37、 4-30 4-4.2 COMPONENT LOCATION, MATERIAL SELECTION, AND PROTECTION . 4-30 4-4.2.1 Pump . 4-31 4-4.2.2 Reservoir . 4-32 4-4.2.3 Accumulators 4-33 4-4.3 CIRCUIT LAYOUT AND LOCATION 4-34 4-4.3.1 High-Pressure Side . 4-34 4-4.3.2 Low-Pressure Side 4-34 4-4.4 MATERIAL CHOICES . 4-35 vi Provided by IHS No
38、t for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-684 4-4.4.1 Hydraulic Piping . 4-35 4-4.4.2 Pipe Fittings 4-35 4-4.4.3 Elastomeric Seals 4-36 4-4.5 LESSONS LEARNED 4-37 4-4.5.1 Locating Hydraulic Lines Near Hot Spots 4-37 4-4.5.2 Hydraulic Fluid Line Cut W
39、ith a Torch . 4-37 4-4.5.3 Hydraulic Fluid Line Protection . 4-37 4-5 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 4-37 4-5.1 VOLTAGE CHOICE 4-38 4-5.2 MATERIAL CHOICES 4-39 4-5.3 CIRCUIT DESIGN . 4-39 4-5.4 LESSONS LEARNED 4-40 4-5.4.1 Flammability of Electrical Wire Insulation 4-40 4-5.4.2 Electrical Fusing Improperly Size
40、d, Selected, or Located 4-40 4-5.4.3 Electric Short Melts Through Combustible Fluid or Gun Propellant Container 4-40 4-5.4.4 Electric Spark Ignition of Flammable Fluids . 4-41 4-5.4.5 Wiring Routing and Fastening 4-41 4-6 AMMUNITION 4-41 4-6.1 AMMUNITION TYPES . 4-41 4-6.1.1 Ammunition for Onboard U
41、se 4-42 4-6.1.2 Transported Ammunition 4-42 4-6.1.3 Relative Ammunition Hazard Assessment . 4-42 4-6.2 STOWAGE LOCATION AND DESIGN . 4-43 4-6.2.1 Stowage Locations 4-44 4-6.2.2 Ammunition Stowage Designs . 4-46 4-6.2.2.1 Early Designs . 4-46 4-6.2.2.2 Ammunition Magazines for the Ml and MlAl MBTs 4-
42、46 4-6.2.2.3 Advanced Survivability Test Bed Ammunition Stowage . 4-48 4-6.2.2.4 Armored Mobile Flamethrowers . 4-51 4-6.3.1 Insensitive Munitions: Background and Requirements 4-52 4-6.3 NEW DEVELOPMENTS . 4-52 4-6.3.2 Liquid Gun Propellants . 4-52 4-6.3.3 Insensitive High Explosives . 4-53 4-6.3.4
43、Insensitive Propellants andor Propulsion Systems 4-53 4-6.4 LESSONS LEARNED 4-53 4-6.4.1 Stowage of Main Weapon Ammunition . 4-54 4-6.4.2 High-Explosive Stowage 4-56 4-6.4.3 Chemical Ammunition Stowage . 4-56 4-7 MATERIALS SELECTION 4-56 4-7.1 FLAMMABJLITY 4-57 4-7.2 PYROLYSIS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCT
44、S 4-58 4-7.3 LESSONS LEARNED 4-60 4-7.3.1 Ballistic Fabric Selection 4-60 4-7.3.2 Hazard Potential From Use of Composites 4-60 4-7.3.3 Fire-Resistant Polymers and Polymeric Composites 4-61 4-8 SYSTEM INTEGRATION 4-61 4-8.1 COMPARTMENTALIZATION . 4-61 4-8.1.1 Ammunition Magazines 4-61 4-8.1.2 Externa
45、l Ammunition Stowage . 4-62 4-8.1.3 Jacketed or Double-Walled Fuel Cells . 4-62 4-8.1.4 Storage Compartments and Bilge . 4-63 4-8.1.5 Spa11 Curtains 4-64 4-8.2.1 Less Hazardous Ammunition . 4-64 4-8.2.2 Water Storage . 4-65 4-8.2.3 Space Heaters and Exhaust Systems . 4-65 4-8.2 SYNERGISM OF FIRE PRO
46、TECTIVE COMPONENTS . 4-64 vii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-684 m 9999970 0397389 L53 MIL-HDBK-684 4-8.3 EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM INTEGRATION . 4-66 4-8.3.1 Advanced Survivability Test Bed (ASTB) Fuel Barrier . 4-66 4-8.3.2 LV
47、TP-SA1 Fuel System Reticulated Foam 4-67 4-8.3.3 Jettisonable Fuel Cells 4-68 4-8.4 LESSONS LEARNED 4-69 4-8.4.1 Lessons Learned From Tests of Extemal Fuel Cells 4-69 4-8.4.2 Use of Intumescent Coatings 4-69 4-8.4.3 Lessons Learned From North Africa, 1942 4-70 4-8.4.4 Protection Afforded by Water an
48、d Other Materials in SEA . 4-71 4-8.4.5 Engine Compartment Design 4-71 . REFERENCES 4-71 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 4-75 CHAPTER 5 CREW SURVIVAL CRITERIA 5-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 5-1 5-1 INTRODUCTION . 5-1 5-1.1 PURPOSE . 5-1 5-1.2 THREATS . 5-1 5-1.2.1 Threat Effects in General 5-2 5-1.2.2 Shock Pressure and/or Imp
49、ulse . 5-3 5-1.2.3 Light 5-3 5-1.2.4 Vapors, Mists, and Solid Particulates . 5-3 5- 1.3 CREW PERFORMANCE . 5-3 5-2 THERMAL INJURY . 5-4 5-2.1 BACKGROUND . 5-4 5-2.1.1 Problem Magnitude 5-5 5-2.1.2 Medical Considerations 5-5 5-2.1.2.1 Skin Bums . 5-5 5-2.1.2.1.1 Heat Transfer . 5-5 5-2.1.2.1.2 Degree and Extent of a Bum . 5-6 5-2.1.2.1.3 Results of Skin Burn Tests 5-7 5-2.1.2.2 Hyperthermia 5-7 5-2.1.2.2.1 Body Temperature Regulation 5
