ARMY MIL-HDBK-697 A-1974 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS《钛和钛合金》.pdf

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1、MIL-HDBK+597A . 1 JUNE 1974 SUPERSEDING “ MIL-HDBK+97(MR) 1 JUNE 1974 MILITARY HANDBOOK TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS I Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON, 0. C. . I Ml L-H DBK-697A Titanium and Titaniu

2、m Alloys 1 June 1974 1. This standardization handbook wasdeveloped forthe Depanmentof Defense inaccordarrce with established prockdure. 2. This publication wasapprovedonl June 1974 forprinting andinclusion in the military standardization handbook saries. 3. This handbook provides basic and fundament

3、al in formation ontitanium and titanium alloy sforthe guidance of engineers and designers of milita materiel. This handbook is not ih- tended to bereferenc% inpurchaX spmifications except forinformational purposes, nor shall it supersede any specification requirements. 4. Every effomhas bmnmade tore

4、flect thelat=t information ontitanium and titanium alloys. ltisthe intent tor&iew this document period) callyto insure itscompleteness and currency. Users of this document are encouraged to report any errors discovered and recommendations for changas orinclusions to the Director, US Army Materials a

5、nd Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Massachusetts 02172, ATTN: AMXMR-MS. ii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MI L-H DBK-697A 1 JUNE 1974 PREFACE This is one of a group of handbooks covering metallic and nonmetallic materials us

6、ed in the design and construction of military equipment. The purpose of this handbook is to provide, in condensed form, technical information and data of direct usefulness to design engineers. The data, especially selected from a number of gov- ernment and industrial publications, have been checked

7、for suitability for use in design. Wherever practicable, the various types, classes, and grades of materials are identified with applicable govern- ment specifications. The corresponding technical society specifications and commercial designa- tions are shown for information. The numerical values fo

8、r properties listed in this handbook, which duplicate specification requirements, are in agreement with the values in issues of the specifications in effect at the date of this handbook. Because of revisions or amendments to specifications taking place after publication, the values may, in some inst

9、ances, differ from those shown in current specifications. In connection with procurement, it should be understood that the governing requirements are those of the speci- fications of he issue listed in the contract. This revision of the handbook was prepared by the Metals and Ceramics Information Ce

10、nter of Battelle Columbus Laboratories and the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center. Corn. ments on this handbook are invited. They should be addressed to Director, US Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Watertown, Massachusetts 02172, ATTN: AM XMR.MS. !11 Provided by IHS Not for R

11、esale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-CONTENTS MI L-H DBK-697A 1 JUNE 1974 Paragraph Page . Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saction l. GENE RAL INFORMATION

12、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TITANIUM IN ENGINEER ING. DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. General Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Titanium Allo

13、y Availability-Designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Availability of Titanium-Forms and SizeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rutile Ore-Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium Reductio

14、n of TlC14-Titanium SPon9e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium Sponge Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forgings, Billets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar, Rod a

16、nd Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plate, Sheet, Strip and Foil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extruded Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tubing . . . . .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Powder Metallurgy Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section Il. SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TITANIUM MATE RIALS SPECI

18、FICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Military Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . 6. AMS Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. ASTM Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Specification and Designation Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . 9. General Specification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Properties Specification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NONSPECIFICATION MECHANICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Gen

21、eral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Tension and Compression Propenias-Temperature Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Typical Creep and Stras* Rupture 6ehavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Stability

22、 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Toughness Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. Fatigue Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、 . . . . 17. Comparison of Propenies of Various Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section ill. METALLURGY AND PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . METALLURGICAL-INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . 1 B. 19. Titanium Production Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects of Alloying ElementsMetallurgy and Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . a. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Alph

25、a Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,/111 1 1 1 3 6 6 6 6 : 9 10 11 11 11 13 13 14 14 14 14 21 21 24 27 29 z 29 36 38 ,39 43 46 - 50 50 50 51 51 52 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from

26、IHS -,-,-MI L. HDBK-697A I JUNE 1974 Paragraph Page I c. Near-Alpha AlkWs . . . . . . . .,.Y. . . . . . . . d. Alpha-Beta Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e. Beta Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . I f. Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. Effects of Processing and Heat Treatment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、21. Heat Treatment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. Stress-Relief Annealing Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 24. Anne:lmg Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. Solutlon Heat Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. Aging Heat Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. Special Purpose Heat Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. Heat Treatment Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FORMING PROCESSES . . . . . . . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. Material Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . 31. Tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. Forming Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. Forming Procass Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MACHINING PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. General . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. Machining Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. Tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、 . . . . . 3B. Coolants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. Metal Removal Tachniqu= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c, Tapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. sewing . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e. Turning and80ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. Abrasive Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g.

38、Chemical Milling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JOINING TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. 41. 42. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fusion Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Base Metal Composition and Conditio

40、n . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. Joint Oesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d. Filler Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e. Inert Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f. Tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g. H

42、eat Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 33 53 54 54 60 60 61 62 62 62 67 67 69 70 70 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 76 77 77 77 77 7B 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 80 BO - 81 81 81 81 81 82 82 vi Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permi

43、tted without license from IHS -,-,-I MI L- HDBK-697A 1 JUNE 1974 Paragraph 43. 44. 45. 46. 41. 48. 49. 50. 51. h. Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i. Defects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . .

44、 . . . . . . . . . . j. Joint Performance : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electron Beam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” Ritane Welding, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Spot Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Seam Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upset Welding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t2uality Aaaurance For Weldments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diffusion and De formation Bonding-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Filler Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Fluxeaand Atmosp!seres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. Brazing Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adhesive Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. , Mechanical Fastening . . . . . . . . . . .

49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COATINGS AN D SURFACE TREATMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53. Protective Coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. Coatings for Property improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Alumm

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