1、I.I ,Ii (MI L- HDBK-7281116 December 1985SUPERSEDINGSEE NOTESMILITARY HANDBOOKNONDESTRUCTIVE TESTINGNO DELIVERABLE DATA REQUIRED BY THIS DOCUMENTI AMSC NIA$ FA ND T IIProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBE-72R/lDepartment of Defense
2、Washington, DC 20301MIL-HDBK-728Military Handbook af Nondestructive Testing16 December 19851. This Military Handbook is approved for use by all Departments andAgencies of the Department af Defense.2. This publication was approved on 21 October 1985 for printing andinclusion in the military standardi
3、zation handbook series.3. Ti: defit prvi,jebi and fundet ifati” nondestructive testing, inspection and evaluation useful durin all phases ofthe DoD hardwares life cycle.4. Every effort has been made to reflect the latest information onnondestructive examination. It is the intent to review this handb
4、ookperiodically to insure its completeness and currency. Fleneficialcmments(recommendations, additions, deletions) and nny pertinent data which may be ofuse in inp?ovin this document should he nddressed t: Director, U.S. AririYMaterials Technology Laboratory, ATTN: SLCPIT-MSR-ES,Waterto!m, MA 02172-
5、0001by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Imprvement Proposal(DD Form 1426) at the end of this document or by letter.l-iiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-728/lFOREWORDThis handbook provideg to all Department of
6、Defense (DoD) personnelinformation, facts, and principles on the science of nondestructive testing,inspection, and evaluation. By proper use of this science, the safety, thereliability, and the efficiency of the procurement and use of all DoD materialand hardware will be increased. This handbook inf
7、ormation should be ugefulduring all phases of the L?uDhardwares life cycle including production,maintenance, and repair of the hardware.Thie handbook, by combining the existing nondestructive testing handhoksand releted materials from all DoD agencies into one document, should help toestablish unity
8、 in the nondestructive testing area within and between all theitienkiiof the“DoD. Th6 6ifiiXition and-lo”ose-leafformat will”make it easyto correct, update, and tailor to fit individual,needs within the DoD.Since the handbook.geffectiveness depends upon continuous,feedback fromits users, individuals
9、 are encouraged to contribute comments and suggestionsby filling in and mailing Form DD 1426 provided at the end of this document.1 (;l-iiiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBE-728/lTABLE OF CONTENTS!2EEEz1. General Information2. E
10、ddy Current Testing3. Liquid Penetranc Testin and chaptera are numbered consecutivelywithin the handbook. The publication or revision date of each page is locetedat the bottom inner edge of the page.Tables, monographs. drawings, and other illustrative material are nOallYpresented within the text. Th
11、ey are identified by the number of the sectionin which they first are referenced, followed by a sequence riumberinparentheses: e.g., the first Table in section 5.2 is designated as Table 5.2(1), the second Table in the same section is designated Table 5.2(2), etc.The general Table of Contents listin
12、g all chapters in the handbook is found onpage iv. A.Table of Contents listing all sections in a chapter is located atthe beginning of each chapter.1.2.2 REFERENCES(There are two t.yp.?of references used in this handbook; (1) cross-referencesto paragraphs in the handbook, and (2) references to other
13、 publications whichare the sources of specific a75ateriel. Cross-references are uged within thishandbook wherever poesible to avoid duplication of information.1.2.3 INDExA detailed index of subject matter, keyed to section numbers, is provided atthe end of each chapter.1.2.4 FORFIATFOR DEFINITIONSTe
14、rms which apply to a specialized area and are not.defined in standardpublication are usually explatned in this handbook. If a term is used onlyonce or infrequently, it is explained in the text whe it Occurs- If it isused frequently throughout a chapter, it will appear.in the glossary at theend of th
15、e chapter. Common terns, or those whose definitiona appear instandard glossaries or dictionaries, ore not normally included in thishandbook. .1.2.5 RANDBOOK REVISIONS“Every effort haa been made to reflect the latest imfonnation on eddy current,liquid penetra6t, magnetic particle, radiographic, and u
16、ltrasonic testing. Iti ia the intent to review this handbook periodically to engure ita completenessand currency. Each revision will include a revised List of Current Pageswhich will show the latest issue of each page of the handbook.1.2-1Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking pe
17、rmitted without license from IHS-,-,-l.lII!-I!I”19K-72$;2?;11SPAGE LEFT IIJTWTIOI)ALLYBLAIJ: (1.2-2Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-728/l1.3 . , .) Although extensive definitions are included in each chapter, several basicterm
18、s - Nondestructive Testing (NDT), Nondestructive Inspection (NDI), .sndNondestructive Evaluation (NDE) - are worthy of special discussion.Any tes,ting,inspection, or evaluation that does not cause harm to or impairthe usefullnesa of an object satisfies the a75eaning of the word“nondestructive.” In c
19、ommon usage, testing often refers just to test a75ethodsand test equipment with only a general reference to materials and/or parts.Inspection relates to specific written requirements, procedures, personnel,standards, and controls for the testing of a particular material or a specificpart. Evaluation
20、 is concerned with the decisionmaking process, thedfetiination of the meaning of the ras”ltg,or the final acceptance orrejection of the material or part und may be qualitative or quantitative.When only qualitative or ralative values are required, the “se of referencestandards is minimized. For quant
21、itative evaluations, however, ertensiive“seof reference standards and controls is often involved.Although these distinctions between NDT, ND1, and NDE can be (and often are)made, the terms are also often interchanged. In order to evaluate, theresults of an inspection must be available. In order to h
22、ave the results ofan inspection, a test must “beconducted. And no test or inspection is reallycomplece without an evaluation. As a result of these interdependancies, no(strict differentiations batween these terms are made in this handbook.I/1.3-1Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networ
23、king permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HD9K-728/lTHIS PAGE LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK (I “II1.Z-2Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-I t.iIL-HDBK-7X3/l,1.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES1 The following section presents principle
24、s and guidelines for the generalemployment of NDT, as well as for specific NOT disciplines. In some cases,the material is repetitive, since several disciplines are involved in similaractivities. It is important, however, to understand differences, as well as,similarities, between the disciplines, an
25、d to recognize how cooperationbetween these disparate disciplines is vital to the overall success of NDT.Guides for applying specific NDT methods are contained in the chaptera forthose.specific methods. The principles and guides covered in this section areall summarized in tables at the end of each
26、subsection, and can ba used ashandy raference guideline.1.4.1 C!ZHERALFRINCIFLEXAXD GIJIDELIiJI?SFO17USING NDTBefore specifing the use of NDT in any program, “severalthings .should beconsidered. First, detenaine exactly why, or if, NIXis z-squired. There aremany reasona why NDT may be desired or nec
27、essary: to increase the productionrate (by assuring a higher success rate), to increase reliability, “to improveor maintain safety, to meet legal requirements, to differentiate or identifyimproved processing methods, or to detect changes in the product before theybecome a problem.(“ There is a dange
28、r that specifying NDT has become routine practice rather thanthe result of a real need: i.e., it was done this way last time: it is alwaysdone this way; they did it, we have to do it; everyone else is doin orlets do it just to be safe. Sometimes NIYTis specified just foradministrative reasons: the c
29、ontract requires it.Often, although the use of NDT is specified to satisfy a legitimaterequirement, it may actually be inappropriate. For example, the ultimatepurpose of a test may be to ensure that a part has it? re,quireddesignedstrenth. NDT tests are often ueed to accomplish this determination, e
30、venthough they do not directly measure the strength of a ?art: its strength canonly be inferred by the absence of certain detectable flaws. A simple prooftast, which does not require any assumptions, standarda, correlations, orother inferred relationships, would have been much more appropriate. Thep
31、rinciple here being that an affort 9hould alwaya be made to dete.mine thecritical properties directly. Inferring the rasults by secondary means shouldonly be considered when specific circumstances warrant. Since al,moatall NDTa75ethods are indirect or “secondary” types ofmeasurements, they are often
32、 bestreplaced by more direct methods. Direct methods are not relevant tonondestructive test methods deployed in end items where destructive tests arenot feasible, i.e. thermal damage to aircraft structure.Whatever the reasons given for specifying ND1,it ia important that everyoneinvolved in NDT reco
33、gnizes and evaluates those reaaons realistically so thatthose rssponsiblezfor implementation are able to provide logical and affectiveresponses.” Certainly, all progriunsshould consider specifying the use of NDT;however, its automatic use should be evoided. NDT should always have anidentifiable purp
34、ose that justifies its expense. The reasons for therequirement of NDT will often affect all other decisiong.1.4-1Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-1411,-NDBt always be obtained by a singleinspection method. Two or more methds may be req
35、uired for acomplete analysis.7. Establish the means for complete, prper, or adequate evaluations(to include reports end documentation).1.4.2 PRINCIPLES ANP GUIDELINES FOR ADMINISTRATORSThe s,ceessfor any NPT prernm will alwnys rest lponmaneers. It is them:ln.accrwhl muxt decidr?the overz?11 Rsals, t
36、he proper divisim of theavailahl? funds, and the coordination that must be maintained. It is themnnaer krhodetermies the decree to which the total life cycle of a componentis considered - including the productin of raw stock to the final salvaee ofworn-out parts. The mans.gcrmust sften accept the re
37、sponsibility if properfunds hnve not been set aside for adequate NDT, if degigners did not properlycoordinate with production and NDT engineers to design a system that could beefficiently inspected antibuilt, and if completed parts cannot be properlyinspected in the field. Beceuse the nanacer plays
38、such an important role,special administrative directives have been published by”DoD. The guidelinesand principles given in DAP 11-25, should receive seri.ms attention.Manawlong, how purged and/or corrected, who has accesa.4. Establish Communication (Policies, Planning, Scheduling,Coordination, Propo
39、sals, etc.) with and between administrators,p:ojact engineers, designers, production, material, and facilities.B. Technical heno1. Support Design Drawing Reviews - Assist in checking and approvingcompleteness of designers approach, “tradeoffs, and decisions.2. SUFpOr t!l=?rOgrSn - !lctc=inc exactly
40、vh,a: is required, why it isrequired, and what methods are to be used. Establish procedures forchosen method, standards, reports, and data controls.3. IJetectand Solve Problems (Corrective Action) - Establish correctiveaction review boards, and rejection tags.4. EncourxKe Hesearcb aptiIkvclo?nent (R
41、 3) Always checking all dial settings each time aninstrument is used for a new setup; 4) Knowing the capabilities andlimitations of the equipment is essential.Table 1.4(7). Guidelines for NDT technicians.1. Be aware of the dangers of fatigue and hypnotic effects (Know how tofight these effects. Do n
42、ot hesitate to ask for a break when anysign of these effects are present).2. Always note all exceptions to that which is normal - they may beimportant.3. If you are not sure if you should askshould.4. Always record everything done in NUT.about something, YOU probabls5. Always check all dial settings
43、 each time an instrument is used for anew setup.6. Know your equipment and your own limitations./1.4-14Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-NDBK-728/l. 1.5 CHOOSING TEST METHODSChoosing a proper NDT method requires a knowledge of the t
44、ypes of flaws thatmust be found, their maximum acceptable limits in size and distribution, andtheir possible locations and orientations. Also the presence of all otherpossible variables that may affect the inspection must be known. This mightinclude the orientation and accessibility of the part, the
45、 partgeometry andsize, internal variables in densities, etc. lhis knowledge must then becoupled with knowledge of the basic principles and limitations of all NDTa75ethods, their availability, and costs. One must also be fsmiliar with therequirements and availability of atandarda to employ thase neth
46、oda and thetyps of records required. (See Table 1.51) at end of this section.)The appropriate method may conaiat of iaveral separate inspections. Oneinspection by itself may indicate the presence of a possible flaw and otherinspections may be required to confirm or verify the original indication.Whe
47、n the choosing of NDT methods is done routinely, then it is important thata list of average basic costs of each available a75ethod is formulated. Anexample would be as follows:LIST OF PRELIMINARY SET UP ACTUAL TEST COSTSAVAILABLE REQUIREMENTS LABOR ADDITIONALKETHODS LABOR STANDARDS NH/Part COSTS AVA
48、ILABILITY!. ,LiquidPenetrant Minor Minor 0.8 Minor GoodRag ?articie Minor i.iinor i.i Iiinor in heavy useEddy Current Possibly Ye9 - .-.“-.2 “ “-None Good -extensiveUltrasonic Possibly Nollrlally 2.0 Paper Not working(C-scan) exten3ive extensive until nextmonthX rays Minor Routine 2.0 Film”“and Good
49、developmentWith such a chart, one can start with the cheapest method available and thenprogress through tha list to the first available method that will meetacceptable detaction limits. Thase lists must be individualized for eachoparation, taking into consideration how modern the available equipnent andfacilities are and thelevel of
