1、. . NOT MEASUREMENT i SENSITIVE MIbHDBK-75qAR) 19 SEPTEMBER 1991 MILITARY HANDBOOK PLASTIC MATRIX COMPOSITES WITH CONTINUOUS FIBER REINFORCEMENT AMSC NIA FSC 9330 DISTRIBUTI ON STATEMENT A, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or netwo
2、rking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HD8K-7S4(AR) FOREWORD 1. This military handbook is approved for usc by all Activities and Agcncics of the Dcpatiment oft he Army and is available for use by all Depaflments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommenda
3、tions, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US Army Armament Research, Development, and Enginccnng Center, AlTN: SMCAR-BAC-S, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5000, by using the self-addressed Standardization Documen
4、t Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or %Y letter. 3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Industrial Engineering Activity. ii . Provided
5、 by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-754(AR) CONTENTS . Paragraph Page FOREWORD . . ii LIST OF1LLUSTRATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES . . . VIII LIST OF ACRONYMS . x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . l-l l-l GENERAL . 1-2 StrUCtUral ARRANGEMENT OF FIB
6、ER REINFORCEMENTS .l.l 1-3 ROLE OF THE FIBER . l-i ROLE OF THE POLYMER MATRIX I-2I-2 1-5 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES .l.2 1-6 SUMMARY . REFERENCES : CHAPTER 2 CONTINUOUS FIBERGLASS REINFORCEMENT 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 24 2-7 2-8 2-9 BACKGROUND 2-1 FIBERGLASS TYPES .2.l 2-2. f BASIC CHARACTERISTICS 2-1 2-2
7、.2 FIBERGLASS FORMS 24 FIBERGLASS STRANDS AND ROVINGS-FABRICATION .24 2-3.1 TYPES OF ROVINGS 24 2-3.2 ROVING DESIGNATIONS 24 2-3.3 ROVING CHARACTERISTICS 2.5 YARNS .24 241 YARN NOMENCLATURE 2-4 24.2 YARM APPLICATIONS 2-7 WEAVING YARNS .2.7 2-5. I WOVEN FABRICS .24 2-5.2 WOVEN TAPES .2.lo WOVEN ROVIN
8、G 2-1o NONWOVEN REINFORCEMENTS .2.l 1 CONTINUOUS STRAND SWIRL MAT 2.ll 2-8.1 PARALLEL STRAND MATS .2.I2 2-8.2 DRUM-WOUND PARALLEL STRAND MATS 2.l2 2-8.3 SURFACING AND OVERLAY MATS .2.l2 SURFACE TREATMENTS .2.l2 2-9.1 SIZINGS 2.l2 2-9.2 FINISHES .2- 2-IO FIBERGLASS PREPREGS . 2- 2-II FIBERGLASS SJECI
9、FICA”l-IONS .2- REFER ENLES . . . . 2- 2 4 5 () . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MIL-HDBK-7S4(AR) CHAPTER 3 CONTINUOUS NONGLASS REINFORCEMENTS: CARBON-GRAPHITE. ARAMID, AND BORON FIBERS 3-1 BACKGROUND 3.l 3-2 CARBON-GRAPHITE
10、FIBERS 3.l 3-2.1 CONTINUOUS CARBON-GRAPHITE F15ERS: PRODUCT AVAILABILITY .3-2 3-2.2 CARBON-GRAPHITE FIBER MANUFACTURE 3.2 3-2.3 CARBON-GRAPHITE FIBER FORMS 3.3 3-2.3. I Tows and Yarns .3.3 3-2.3.2 Woven Fabrics M 3-2.3.3 Nonwoven Fabrics .3d 3-2.3.4 Prepregs 34 3-2.4 PROPERTIES OF CARBON-GRAPHITE FI
11、LAMENTS .3.7 3-2.4.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties %7 3-2.4.2 Chemical Rcsistancc Propefiies .34 3-2.4.3 Electrical Properties N 3-2.4.4 Thermal Propefiies 33 3-2.5 SURFACE TREATMENTS 3.9 3-2.6 CARBON-GRAPHITE FIBER SPECIFICATIONS 3.9 3-3 ARAMID FIBERS .3.9 3-3.1 CONTINUOUS ARAMID FIBERS: PRODU
12、CT AVAILABILITY 3.9 3-3.2 GENERAL COMPARISON: ARAMID VERSUS GLASS FIBERS .-.3-9 3-3.3 ARAMID FIBER FORMS .3.1O 3-3.3.1 Rovings and Yarns 3.lo 3-3.3.2 Woven Fabnca 3.lO 3-3.3.3 Prepregs 3.l 1 3-3.4 PROPERTIES OF ARAMID FILAMENTS 3.l 1 3-3.4.1 Mechanical Properties .l2 3-3.4.2 Chemical Properties l2 3
13、-3.4.3 Thermal Properties l2 3-3.5 ARAMID FIBER SPECIFICATIONS .l3 34 BORON FIBERS 3.l3 34.1 CONTINUOUS BORON FIBERS: PRODU AVAILABILITY . . * 314 342 PRODUCTION METHODS . 3l4 34.3 BORON FILAMENT FORMS l4 34.4 PROPERTIES OF BORON FILAMENTS .Yl5 34.4.1 Mechanical Propties .Yl5 34.4.2 Thermal Oxidatio
14、n Properties .Yl5 34.5 BORON FIBER SPECIFICATIONS l5 REFERENCES l7 CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC MATRICES FOR COMPOSITES 4-1 INTRODUCTION - Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-754(AR) 4.3 EIOXYR ESIN(THERMOSET) .44.6 4-3.1 EPOXY TYPES 4-6
15、 4-3.2 EPOXY CURING MECHANISMS . 4-6 4-3.3 CURING AGENTS FOR EPOXIES .4-6 4-3.3. I Amine Curing Agents . 4-7 4-3.3.2 Acid Anhydride Curing Agents 4-8 4-3.4 PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESINS 4.9 4-3.4.1 Mechanical Properties .4.9 4-3.4.2 Electrical Properties .4.9 4-3.4.3 Thermal Properties .49 4-3.4.4 Flam
16、mability .9 4-3.5 EPOXY SPECIFICATIONS .1 I 4-4 PHENOLIC RESIN (THERMOSET) .I I 44.1 PHENOLIC TYPES . 4-11 44.2 PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC RESINS 1 1 44.2.1 Mechanical Properties l2 44.2.2 Thermal Properties . 412 4-4.2.3 Flammability 4-12 4-4.2.4 Chemical Resistance . 12 4-4.3 PHENOLIC SPECIFICATIONS .
17、4.12 4-5 SILICONE RESIN (THERMOSET) .l3 4-5.1 SILICONE TYPES . 4-13 4-5.2 CURING OF SILICONES . 4-13 4-5.3 PROPERTIES OF SILICONE RESINS +l3 4-5.3.1 Mechanical Propcfics l3 4-5.3.2 Electrical Properties .l3 4-5.3.3 Thermal Stability 13 4-5.4 SILICONE SPECIFICATIONS .+l4 4-6 POLYIMIDE RESIN (THERMOSE
18、T, THERMOPLASTIC) 4l4 4-6.1 POLYIMIDE TYPES .l4 44.1.1 Polymerization Mechanisms .14 441.2 Effect of Structure on Properties and Processing 4.15 4-6.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYAMIDES 4l5 4-6.2.1 Mechanical Propctics 15 44.2.2 Electrical Properties .4.l5 4-6.2.3 Thermal Properties . 4-15 4-6.2.4 Chemical Pr
19、operties . 4-15 4-6.3 POLYIMIDE SPECIFICATIONS .4l8 4-7 POLYSULFONE RESIN (THERMOPLASTIC) 4-18 4-7.1 POLYSULFONE TYPES .4l8 47.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYSULFONE .+l9 4-7.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties .l9 4-7.2.2 Electrical Properties . 4-19 4-7.2.3 Thermal Properties .4.19 4-7.2.4 Chemical Proper
20、ties .A2o 4-7.3 POLYSULFONE SPECIFICATIONS .4.2O REFERENCES 42O CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS FIBER-PLASTIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 5-I INTRODUCTION . 5- I 5-2 PROPERTIES OF FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 5.2 5-3 PROPERTIES OF CARBON-GRAIHI”I 1.lIIIER-I: E, IN FOICI:D COMPOSITES . . , 5-4 v Provided b
21、y IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-_. MIL-HDBK-754(AR) 5-4 PROPERTIES OF ARAMID FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES . . . -54 5-5 PROPERTIES OF BORON FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 5.7 54 PROPERTIES OF HYBRID COMPOSITES 5.8 5-7 SUMMARY . . . 5-8 REFERENCE
22、S . . 5-9 6- I 6-2 6-3 64 6-5 CHAPTER 6 GENERAL METHODS OF FABRICATION INTRODUCTION . the fibers are frbergiass, carbon- . graphite, aramid organic, and boron. Advantages in applications are discussed, and “pros and cons” are consiakred. 1-1 GENERAL The properties of all basic plastics can be cnhstt
23、ecd by the addition of fibers, whiskers and particulate. Plastics so modified are referred to as organic or plastic matrix composites. Composites may consist of a variety of reinforcements in a number of matrix materials. For exarnpk, wood isa naturally occurring composite consist- ing of cellulose
24、fibers in a Iignin matrix. Man-made composites include straw-reinforced mud bricks and, more recently, concrete and asphalt. As the plastics industry and polymer chemistry developed, plastics were filkd with various particulate or fWers to extend and strengthen thcae materials. Subsequently, fibesx
25、and weaves were used with the glass-reinforced plastics being developed in the 1940s. Today reinforccmcnta include materials such as graphite fibers, boron, glass, organic polymer fibers, silicon earbide, and a number of new inorganic fibers. Matrix materials now beii reinforced include mctaIs such
26、as aluruimuq titanium, and copper, asweuas ceramic materials. There is even a prooess to make carbotilbcr-minfomed carbon matrix (carbon/ carbon) composites for high-temperature applications. Foratrueturstl composites plastics are still the principal matrix materials and include both thermoplastics
27、and thermoses including new types such as the Iiquid cstal polymers. Plaaties will remain the most Iikely matrix mrtdidat.cs for composites because of the substantial weight savings they offer and of the wide range of proprtk and the sbtity to tailor therm The plaatie matrix composites discuaad in t
28、his hahd- book are reatrkted to those employing continuous fiber reinfomxxrtents. 1-2 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT OF FIBER REINFORCEMENTS The plastic matrix composites discussed in thk hand- book contain continuous fibers, in either a nonwoven or woven form, embedded in a common plastic matrix. Such fibe
29、rs may be used as monofilasnents, bundles, rovings, fabrics, or related textile constructions. With nonwoven composites the long filaments can be aligned in a parallel direction which is generally along one axis. This one-axis orientation gives a structure called anisotropic, i.e., ilaving propertie
30、s (hat are much different in the dirccion I l-l of the fiber from those in the direction nominally 90 deg to the fiber. Discussion of anisotropic structure is given in several wel!-known comprehensive monographs (Refs. 1 and 2) and many other sources. The orientation of the fibrous layers may be ang
31、le plied, cross plied, or plied in several directions. These orientations result in a structure called quasi-isotropic, i.e., having properties that tend to approach some level of uniformity when determined in various, yet specific, directions of the reinforced plastic composite. Fibers in nonwoven
32、structures are the commonly used E-, S-,* and S-2* glasses (Refs. 3 and 4), the high-modulus fdarnents of carbost-graphh.e, boron (Refs. S through 8), or the aromatic nylons termed aramidst (Refs. 9 and 10). The woven fabrics most gcncmlly used arc made of E-glass. Fabrics of Sq#aas, carbon-graphite
33、, or aramid are used leas. Fabric reinforcements CM yield composites that are orthotropic, having properties that tend to be uniform in many directions or that arc aniaotropic in one or mom directions. The orthotropy or anisotropy is determined mainly by the number of yarns in the warp and fill dimo
34、tion of the fabric An advantage of composite materials is that by using two or mom discrete emn.ponents in combination for a cOmpletc structure, properties not available from either individual eompcmertt can be attained. Rcinfonxd con- cretes have had early acceptance for atntaural appli- cations, a
35、nd glass-fiber-mirtforeed plastics have had three or more decades of fairly wide USC.Compositra that use carbon-graphite, boro or ammid fibers am currently termed advanced compositca; use of these composites is increasing for very speelc end-items that require properties and aeMee superior to those
36、available from conventional fiberglass-reinforced plastics. These non- giass fibem have undergone signifkant development and some definitive use of more than 20 yr for earbon- graphite (Ref. 11), 15-20 yr for boron (Refs. 12 and 13), and more than 10 yr for aramid (Rcfs. 14 and 15). ! 1 “S-glass is
37、a highquality, pcrformsn grade; S-2 glass is a modcrateast, high-performance type. . . .- 1Such aramids, i.e., aromatic polyamide fibers, have been iivailiible from one source. DuPont, since 1971.These havethe trade name Kevlar. -. . . .- - Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-
