1、-784 MIL-HDBK 21 DECEMBER 1987 MILITARY HANDBOOK GUIDLINES-DESIGN TO MINIMIZE CONTAMINATION AND TO FACILITATE DECONTAMINATION OF MILITARY VEHICLES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT: AMSC N/A INTERIORS AND EXTERIORS FSC 4230 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED Provided
2、by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-784 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Washington, DC 20301 MIL-HDBK-147 Guidelines - Design to Minimize Contamination and to Facilitate Decontamination of Military Vehicles and Other Equipment: Interior and Exte
3、rior 28 June 1985 1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any perti- nent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, U.S.
4、 Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, ATTN: SMCCR-SPT-S, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. ii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No re
5、production or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-784 FOREWORD This handbook was prepared by the Standardization and Specifications Branch, Technical Data Division, Research, Development and Engineering Support Directorate, U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development and Enginee
6、ring Center. This document was completed in June 1982 by Battelle Columbus Laboratories for the Physical Protection Division (CRDEC) and is available to all elements of DOD, other Government agencies and other interested parties. Comments and suggestions on this publication are welcome and should be
7、 addressed to: Commander U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center ATTN: SMCCR-SPT-S Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5423 The purpose of this handbook is to provide information and guidance in the design of military vehicles and other equipment so as to minimize contamination
8、 by nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) agents and to increase the effective- ness of decontamination processes. The guidelines are intended to focus on the problem areas that can be eliminated by designers when contamination and decon- tamination are considered as factors in design of military
9、equipment. Those guidelines do not presume to dictate requirements for the layout, configura- tion, or construction of military hardware, nor do they prohibit presently used design techniques. Thus problems of contamination and decontamination are brought to the attention of designers. Approaches to
10、 reduce the size of those problems are suggested. Therefore, the information provided herein should be considered advisory only. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Depart- ment of the Army position unless so designated by other authorizing documents. Approved for publ
11、ic release; distribution iS unlimited. iii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-784 CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PROMULGATION FOREWARD . . SCOPE . . . SHEET . . . . . . . . . REFERENCED DOCUMENTS DEFINITIONS . . . . GENERAL REQUIREM
12、ENTS 4.1 Relationship of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Not Applicable) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design to Contamination Decontamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Potential effects of Using the Guidelines 4.3 Layout of the
13、Handbook DETAILED REQUIREMENTS . . . 5.1 General Design Criteria 5.2 Design Guidelines . Ammunition Holders Antennas . . . . . Belts. . . . . . . Boxes. . . . . . . Brackets . . . . . Cables, Cables, Caps . Chains Clamps Control Control Covers Decks . Doors . Electrical Structural . . . . . . . . .
14、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Surfaces, Aircraft . . . Fairings Fasteners Fittings Gages . . Gratings Handles . Hatches . Hinges . Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page No. ii iii 1 1 1 4 4 6 7 7 9 24 24 32 34 38 46 60 84 90 106 112 118 130 134 148 160 166 170 192 206 212 216 230 236 254 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction o
19、r networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-784 CONTENTS (Continued) Latches . . . . . . Levers . . . . . . Lighting Fixtures . Linkages . . . . . Panels . . . . . . Pedals . . . . . . Rotors, Helicopter Seats . . . . . . Sighting Devices Steps . . . . . Switches . . . Tools . . .
20、. . Trailer Hitches Vents . . . . . Vision Blocks . Wheels . . . . 6. NOTES . . . . . . . 6.1 Subject Term (Key 6.2 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Word) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDICES APPENDIX A Chemical Agents and Their Effects APPENDIX B Comparability of Contaminants and Decontaminants with Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX C Equipment Examined for Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 262 298 312 336 356 372 376 380 400 412 420 440 446 448 468 474 484 484 484 485 489 490 517 v Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking p
24、ermitted without license from IHS -,-,-Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-784 1. SCOPE This handbook provides guidelines for designing military equipment so as to minimize contamination by nuclear, biological, and chemical (N
25、BC) agents and to increase the effectiveness of decontamination processes. In no way do these guidelines presume to dictate requirements for the layout, configuration, or construction of military hardware or for the selection of materials to be used therein; nor do they prescribe presently used desi
26、gn techniques. Rather, they are intended to bring the problems of contamination and decontamination to the attention of designers and to suggest approaches that can eliminate these prob- lems and can make decontamination easier. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS (Not applicable) 3. DEFINITIONS (For the purpos
27、e of this handbook, the following definitions shall apply:) 3.1 Absorption The process whereby a contaminant or decontaminant penetrates a surface and remains within the contami- nated material. 3.2 Adsorption The process whereby a contaminant or decontaminant adheres or becomes chemically attached
28、to a surface. 3.3 Agent A substance that, depending upon the context in which the term is used, may contaminate equipment or that may be used to counter the effect of a contaminating substance. See contaminant or decontaminant. 3.4 Biological Contaminant 3.5 Chemical Contaminant 3.6 Contaminant A su
29、bstance or living organism that produces the incapacitating or lethal effects by transferring or causing disease. A substance that produces its incapacitating or lethal effects by chemical action. See the list of chemical contaminants in Table A-1. A chemical or biological material, a toxin, or a nu
30、clear material whose purpose is to incapacitate or to kill personnel. Contaminants are chemical, biological, or nuclear materials that have been developed for the specific purpose of killing or incapacitating people. Other materials or agents developed for other military- related purposes, such as d
31、efoliation, also can have 1 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-784 3.6.1 Chemical Agents 3.6.2 Biological Agents adverse effects on human and animal life; however, these other agents are not considered as contaminants within
32、the context of this handbook and, therefore, are not discussed here. Anti-personnel contaminants are described in broad terms below. Chemical contaminants may be categorized as nerve, choking, blood, blister, incapacitation, vomiting, and riot-control agents. They affect primarily the lungs, the eye
33、s, or the skin; they may cause death or may only incapacitate for a few minutes. The severity of the effect depends upon the concentration of the agent, the toxicity of the agent, the amount trans- ferred to a person, and the condition of the person exposed. However, the greater the amount of agent
34、on or in equipment, the greater is the probability that an amount necessary to cause harmful effects will be transferred to personnel. The harmful effects that may result are listed in Table A-1 for the different categories of chemical agents. Biological contaminants may be broadly categorized as di
35、sease- or illness-causing agents. They are living organisms and include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickettsia, and viruses. Transfer can be by inhalation, ingestion, or through a break in the skin. Their effects can range from mild incapacitation to death, depending to a large degree upon the physic
36、al condition of the exposed person and the specific type, strain, and viability of the agent. The major problem with such agents is that they may survive for a long period of time if environmental con- ditions are favorable. If trapped in areas that are hard to get to (and which normally would not r
37、epresent exposure hazards to personnel), they may be uncoverd at a later time and contaminate maintenance personnel. The problem is complicated by the fact that the hazardous dose varies widely, depending upon the specific biological agent, and by the danger that the agent or its disease may be tran
38、sferred from one infected person to another. 3.6.3 Nuclear Nuclear contaminants include any radioactive material Contaminants that may result from fallout after an atomic or nuclear attack or from induced radioactivity in soil and vegetation. Direct radiation from a nuclear blast, although it will c
39、ontaminate equipment, is out- side the scope of these guidelines. Thus, nuclear agents are substances that may be deposited on, or in 2 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-3.7 Contamination 3.8 Decontaminant 3.9 Exposure 3.10 Incapacit
40、ation 3.11 Persistency 3.12 Nuclear Contaminant 3.13 Toxin 3.14 Toxicity MIL-HDBK-784 compartments. The degree of hazard associated with these agents depends largely upon the amounts present; pockets or depressions may trap sufficient material to pose a hazard to unwary personnel. The presence of a
41、contaminant on equipment. A substance whose purpose is to detoxify, physically remove, seal, or otherwise make harmless a contami- nant. See list of decontanants in Table A-2. Among the most effective decontaminants, particularly for chemical agents, are time and isolation. However, both time and is
42、olation require that a contaminated piece of equipment be removed from service for an indefinite period. Furthermore, even when isolated, contaminated equipment can itself be a source of con- tamination if wind or precipitation carries the con- taminating material into another area. Therefore, rathe
43、r than rely upon natural processes for decontami- nation, positive techniques and substances must be applied to make the contaminated equipment safe for use. A number of substances that have been used with varying degrees of success for decontamination are listed in Table A-2. Although these substan
44、ces are effective in neutralizing or removing contaminants, some of them have adverse chemical or physical effects on the materials to which they are applied. Being in or passing through an area or atmosphere in which contaminants are present. Physiological or visual effects of contamination that re
45、nder individuals incapable of performing their assigned duties. The effectiveness of a contaminant over time. A substance that produces its incapacitating or lethal effects by releasing radiation, usually beta or gamma, that destroys living cells. A substance, usually a product of animal or vegetabl
46、e origin, that produces its incapacitating or lethal effects by poisoing the human organism. The degree of which a contaminant is effective in pro- ducing its incapacitating or lethal effects. 3 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-
47、HDBK-784 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Relationship of Design to Contamination and Decontamination Efforts to address the effects of NBC contamination, including their decontaminants, upon equipment was formally initiated by the Army in 1984 with the publication of AR 70-71, NBC Contamination Survivab
48、ility of Army Materiel. This regulation established formal policy and procedures for the development and acquisition of equipment to ensure its survivability and sustainability on the NBC-contaminated battlefield. During June 1987 the Department of Defense published DOD Instruction 4245.13, Design a
49、nd Acquisition of NBC Contamination Survivable Systems, which provides management and documentation requirements for the survivability of systems designed and acquired to perform mission- essential functions in an NBC contamination environment. Several handbooks and reports that provide guidance and technical assistance in addressing these NBC contamination survivability requirements are available from U.S.
