1、- MIL-HDBK-785 LO 9999970 0057523 9 W I METRIC I MIL-HDBK-785 (AR) 30 MARCH 1990 MILITARY HANDBOOK DESIGN OF TOWED ARTILLERY WEAPON SYSTEMS FSG IOGP AMSC N/A DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking
2、 permitted without license from IHS -,-,- MIL-HDBK-785 LO 7999970 0057522 O MI L-H D BK-785(AR) FOREWORD 1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Activities and Agencies of the Department of the Army and is .available for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.
3、2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Commander, US Army Armament Research, Development, and Engineering Center, ATTN: SMCAR-BAC-S, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-500 1, by using the se
4、lf-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Management
5、 Engineering College. ii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,- I . .- . MIL-HDBK-785 10 9999770 0057523 2 W MI L-H D B K-785(AR) CONTENTS Paragraph Page FOREWORD ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x LIST OF TABLES xv . LIST-OF ABBREVIATIONS AND A
6、CRONYMS . xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-0 1-2 LIST OF SYMBOLS 1-1 1-1 PURPOSE 1-1 ELEMENTS OF TOWED ARTILLERY SYSTEMS . 1-2 SUBSYSTEMS COMPRISING A TOWED ARTILLERY . SYSTEM 1-3 1-2.1.1 Ammunition 1-3 . 1-2.1.2 Tube and Breech 1-4 1-2.1.3 Recoil System 1-6 1-2.1.4 Cradle 1-7 1-2.1.5 Top Carriage 1-7
7、1-2.1.6 Bottom Carriage 1-8 Equilibrator : 1-9 1-2.1.8 Elevating Mechanism . 1-9 1-2.1.9 Traversing Mechanism . 1-10 1-2.1.10 Fire Control Equipment 1-10 1-2.1.1 1 Travel Gear 1-10 VARIATION IN SUBSYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS 1-10 SYSTEM DYNAMICS . $j 1-14 1-3.1 RECOIL DYNAMICS 1-14 DYNAMIC LOAD ANALYSIS 1
8、-20 DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WEAPON STABILITY AND PRECISION 1-20 1-2.1 1-2.1.7 1-2.2 1-3 1-3.2 1-3.3 REFERENCES . 1-2 1 CHAPTER 2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND TRADEOFF ANALYSIS . OF TOWED ARTILLERY SYSTEMS 2-0 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-4 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 1 . . 2-1 SYSTEM DESIGN AND ENGINEERING 2-4 SYSTEM REQU
9、IREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS . 2-6 PRELIMINARY BALLISTIC AND CANNON DEFINITION . 2-8 PRELIMINARY RECOIL MECHANISM DESIGN . 2-13 COMPONENT PRELIMINARY SIZING . 2-23 DESIGN FOR TOWING . 2-29 SYSTEM TRADEOFFS AND PARAMETER SELECTION 2-32 SELECTION OF BASIC WEAPON CONFIGURATIONS i 2-32 2-7.3 WEAPON ALTERNAT
10、IVES 2-36 2-7.4 WEIGHT ESTIMATIONS 2-36 2-7.1 2-7.2 BALLISTIC SOLUTIONS 2-32 . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-785 LO 9999970 0057524 4 MI L-HDBK-785(AR) . CON TENTS (cont d) Paragraph Page 2-7.5 WEAPON STABILITY . 2-3
11、7 2-7.7 . DECISION RULE FOR OPTIMAL SYSTEM SECTION . 2-37 REFERENCES 2-48 2-7.6 PARAMETER VARIATIONS 2-37 CHAPTER 3 ARTILLERY SYSTEM KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 3-0 3-1 LIST OF SYMBOLS 3-1 STATIC AND QUASI-STATIC ANALYSIS . 3-5 3-1.1 INPUT FORCE DETERMINATION 3-5 3-1.2 STATIC AND QUASI-STATIC FOR
12、CE ANALYSIS . 3-6 . 3-1.3 KINEMATIC ANALYSIS . 3-13 CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ARTILLERY 3-18 3-2.1 1-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM RECOIL MODEL . 3-18 3-2.2 2-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM RECOIL MODEL . 3-22 3-2.3 DYNAMIC MODELS OF INTERMEDIATE LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY 3-28 3-2.4 FORCE ANALYSIS 3-29 3-2.5 ANA
13、LYSIS AND CONTROL OF WEAPON STABILITY 3-33 3-2.6 TESTING FOR MODEL REFINEMENT AND VALIDATION . 3-33 3-2 3-3 3-4 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION . 3-34 ADVANCED METHODS OF ARTILLERY DYNAMIC ANALYSIS . 3-39 3-4 .I APPLICATION OF EQUATION MANIPULATION LANGUAGES TO LAGRANGES EQUATIONS 3-39
14、3-42 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS .! 3-41 REFERENCES . 3-47 CHAPTER 4 MECHANISM DESIGN 4-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 4-1 4-1 ELEVATING MECHANISMS . 4-2 4-1.1 TYPES OF ELEVATING MECHANISMS . . . ;4-2 4-1.1.1 Ball-Screw Type . 4-2 4-1.1.2 Pinion and Arc Type . 4-3 ELEVATING MECHANISM COMPONENTS 4-3 4
15、-1.2.1 Gear Trains 4-4 4-1.2.2 Clutches and No-Back Devices 4-7 4-1.2.3 Handwheels . 4-9 4-1.2.4 Cushioning of Peak Firing Loads 4-9 4-1.2.5 Travel Locks . 4-9 4-1.2 4-2 TRAVERSING MECHANISMS 4-12 TYPES OF TRAVERSING MECHANISMS . 4-12 4-2.1 4-2.1.1 Pintle Traverse . 4-13 4-2.1.2 Base Ring and Race T
16、raverse 4-15 4-2.1.3 Off-Carriage Traverse 4-18 4-2.2.1 Gear Trains . 4-19 4-2.2 TRAVERSING MECHANISM COMPONENTS . 4-19 4-2.2.2 Antibacklash Devices . 4-22 a iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-. MIL-HDBK-785 LO 7977770 0057525 b MI
17、 L-H DBK-785(AR) CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph Page a 4-2.2.3 Clutches and No-Back Devices 4-23 4-2.2.4 Handwheels . 4-24 4-2.2.5 Travel Locks 4.24 4-3 WEAPON-LOWERING AND -RAISING MECHANISMS 4.25 4-4 SUSPENSION SYSTEM 4-25 4-5 LINKAGE FOR VARIABLE RECOIL 4-27 REFERENCES . 4-28 CHAPTER 5 EQUILIBRATOR D
18、ESIGN . 5-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 5-1 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-5 5-1.1 TYPES OF EQUILIBRATORS 5-5 5-1.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING EQUILIBRATOR DESIGN 5-9 Weight Moment of Tipping Parts 5-9 5-1 -2.1 5-1.2.2 Friction 5-11 5-1.2.3 Packing Friction 5-11 5-1.2.4 Geometric Considerations 5-12 5-1.3 SELECTING AN EQUILIBRATO
19、R TYPE . ; 5-12 MECHANICS OF EQUILIBRATORS 5-12 5-2.1 GEOMETRY AND FORCE ANALYSIS . 5-12 5-2.2 MECHANICS AND KINEMATICS OF PERFECT EQUILIBRATION . 5-18 5-2.3 MECHANICS AND KINEMATICS OF APPROXIMATE EQUILIBRATION . 5-20 5-2.4 FRICTION EFFECTS ON EQUILIBRATION 5-22 SPRING EQUILIBRATOR DESIGN 5-25 5-3.
20、1 A PERFECT BALANCE EQUILIBRATOR 5-25 5-3.2 AN APPROXIMATE BALANCE EQUILIBRATOR 5-26 5-3.3 COMPONENT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS 5-28 5-3.3.1 Spring Design 5-28 5-3;3.2 Manufacturing Processes . 5-31 PNEUMATIC EQUILIBRATOR DESIGN . 5-32 APPROXIMATE BALANCE EQUILIBRATOR . 5-32 5-4.1.1 Force Vers
21、us Gas Volume Relation . 5-32 5-4.1.2 Performance of the Equilibrator Including Friction . 5-39 5-4.2 COMPONENT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 5-40 5-4.2.1 Cylinder Design : 5-41 5-4.2.2 Piston Rod 5-42 5-4.2.3 Terminals 5-42 . 5-2 5-3 O 5-4 5-4.1 5-4.2.4 Packing Design 5-43 5-4.2.5 Equilibrator
22、 Adjustment . 5-45 5-5 OPTIMIZATION OF APPROXIMATE EQUILIBRATOR IMBALANCE . 5-48 MINIMIZATION OF APPROXIMATE EQUILIBRATOR IMBALANCE 5-48 LEAST SQUARE IMBALANCE MINIMIZATION 5-48 NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING METHODS FOR IMBALANCE MINIMIZATION . 5-50 5-5.3.1 Design Formulation . 5-50 5-5.3.2 Optimization Met
23、hods 5-51 Example of Nonlinear Programming Method 5-51 5-5.1 5-5.2 5-5.3 5-5.3.3 . REFERENCES . 5.54 O V Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-. MIL-HDBK-785(AR) CONTENTS (contd) 7-3.5 SUGGESTED MATERIALS FOR CRADLE . 7-10 . 7-3.6 MANUFA
24、CTURING PROCEDURES . 7-10 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF CRADLES 7-10 7-4.1 LOAD ANALYSIS FOR CRADLE STRUCTURE 7-11 7-4.1.1 Firing Loads 7-11 7-4.1.2 Loads on Various Components of Cradle Structure 7-12 Recoil Attachment to Cradle 7-12 7-4 7-4.1.2.1 Page Paragraph CHAPTER 6 BEARING DESIGN 6-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS
25、 6-1 6-1 INTRODUCTION . . . 6-1 6-1.1 BEARING FUNCTIONS AND LOADS 6-1 6-1 . 2 ANTIFRICTION BEARING TYPES AND AVAILABILITY 6-4 6-2 TRUNNION BEARINGS . 6-6 6-2.1 JOURNAL BEARINGS 6-6 . 6-2.1.1 Friction in Journal Bearings 6-6 . 6-2.1.2 Bearing Loads . 6-7 Strength and Stiffness of Journal Bearings . 6
26、-7 . 6-2.1.5 Bearing Design 6-8 6-2.2.1 Force Distribution . 6-9 6-2.1.3 6-2 .I . 4 Materials . : 6-8 6-22 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARINGS . 6-9 6-2.2.2 Contact Stress Analysis . 6-9 6-23 ANTIFRICTION ROLLER BEARINGS . -6-10 . 6-2.3.1 Bearing Capacity . 6-10 6-2.3.2 Self-Aligning Bearings .
27、6-11 6-2.3.3 Bearing Shields and Seals 6-11 6-2.3.4 -Lubrication ; . 6-11 TRAVERSE BEARINGS 6-12 LARGE DIAMETER TRAVERSE BEARINGS 6-13 6-3 6-3.1 6-3.2 6-3.3 PINTLE BEARINGS . . 6-12 BALL JOINT AND FOLLOWER BEARINGS FOR 360-DEG TRAVERSE 6-13 REFERENCES .;. 6-14 . CHAPTER 7 CRADLE DESIGN vi Provided b
28、y IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-745 10 9999970 0057527 T = MI L-H DBK-785(AR) CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph Page 7-4.1.2.2 Equilibrator Attachment 7-14 7-4.1.2.3 Elevating Arc . 7-15 7-4.2 STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS 7-20 7-4.1.2.4 Attachmen
29、t for Transmitting Rifling Torque . 7-15 7-4.2.1 Location and Design of Trunnions 7-20 7-4.2.2 Sliding Surfaces of U-Type Cradle . 7-25 7-4.2.3 Design of Cradle Body . 7-28 7-4.3 REFINED LOAD ANALYSIS AND STRESS CALCULATIONS 7-30 9-5 SAMPLE CRADLE DESIGN PROBLEM 7-33 7-5.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN CALCULA
30、TIONS . 7-34 7-5.1.1 Load Analysis 7-34 7-5.1.2 Rails and Slides . 7-35 7-5.1.3 Equilibrator Load 7-37 7-5.1.4 Elevating Gear Load 7.40 7-5.1.5 Trunnion Loads . 7-42 7-5.1.6 Stress and Deflection . 7-45 7-5.2 REFINED DESIGN CALCULATIONS AT SEVEN SELECTED CROSS SECTIONS . 7-49 7-5.2.1 Stress Calculat
31、ions for Section 1 7-56 7-5.2.2 Stress Calculations for Section 2 7-57 7-5.2.3 Stress Calculations for Section 3 7-57 7-5.2.4 Stress Calculations for Section 4 7-57 7-5.2.5 Stress Calculations for Section 5 7-57 7-5.2.6 Stress Calculations for Section 6 7-58 7-5.2.7 Stress Calculations for Section 7
32、 7-58 DESIGN FOR RIFLING TORQUE . 7-58 7-6.1 STRESSES AT SECTION 0.127 m . 7-60 7-6.2 STRESSES AT SECTION 0.254 m . 7-60 7-6.3 STRESSES AT SECTION 1.016 e 7-61 ADVANCED DESIGN TECHNIQUES . 7.61 7-7.1 FINITE ELEMENT MODEL 7.62 7-7.2 NASTRAN STRESS ANALYSIS . 7.65 REFERENCES . 7-66 7-6 e . 4-7 CHAPTER
33、 8 TOP CARRIAGE DESIGN 8-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 8-1 8-1 INTRODUCTION 8-3 EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATED WITH TOP CARRIAGE 8-3 8-2.1 EQUILIBRATORS 8-3 8-2.2 ELEVATING MECHANISMS i . 8-3 8-2.3 TRAVERSING MECHANISMS 8-3 8-2.4 TRUNNION BEARINGS . i . 8.4 8-2.5 TRAVERSE BEARINGS 8.4 8-3 DESCRIPTION OF TOP CARRIAGE 8.4
34、8-3.1 8-3.2 CONSTRUCTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCEDURES . i 8.4 8-3.3 MATERIALS FOR TOP CARRIAGES 8.6 8-4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF TOP CARRIAGE . 8.6 8-4.1 LOAD ANALYSIS 8-7 8-2 TYPES OF TOP CARRIAGES -8-4 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-
35、,-MIL-HDBK-785 LO 7979970 0057528 L W I M IL-HRBK-785(AR) CONTENTS (contd) Paragraph Page 8-4.2 STRESS ANALYSIS . 8-8 SAMPLE TOP CARRIAGE DESIGN PROBLEM . 8-8 8-5.1 LOAD ANALYSIS 8-11 8-5 8-5.1 . 1 Lifting Load 8-11 8-5.1.2 Equilibrator Load 8-14 8-5.1.3 Trunnion Load 8-15 8-5.2.1 Case 1 . Lifting F
36、orce Only . 8-16 8-5.2.2 Case 2 . Equilibrator Force Only 8-22 8-5.2.3 Case 3 . Lifting and Equilibrator Forces Combined . -8-25 8-5.2,4 Case 4 . Equiiibrator and Trunnion Forces Combined 8-25 8-5.2.5 Transverse Shear Stress Calculations . 8-28 8-5.2 STRESS ANALYSIS . 8-16 8-6 ADVANCED DESIGN TECHNI
37、QUES FOR TOP CARRIAGE STRUCTURES . 8-30 8-6.1 FINITE ELEMENT MODEL . .:. 8-30 8-6.2 NASTRAN STRESS ANALYSIS . 8-33 REFERENCES . 8-36 CHAPTER 9 BOTTOM CARRIAGE DESIGN 9-0 LIST OF SYMBOLS 9-1 9-1 INTRODUCTION 9-3 9-2 TYPES OF BOTTOM CARRIAGES -9-6 9-2.1 STRUCTURES FOR BOTTOM CARRIAGES 9-6 9-2.1. I Bot
38、tom Carriage for On-Carriage Traverse Weapons 9-6 9-2.1.2 Bottom Carriage for Off-Carriage Traverse Weapons 9-10 9-2.2 MATERIALS 9-10 PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BOTTOM CARRIAGE 9-11 9-3 .I LOAD ANALYSIS 9-12 9-3.2 STRESS ANALYSIS 9- 12 SAMPLE BOTTOM CARRIAGE DESIGN PROBLEM 9-13 9-4.1 LOAD ANALYSIS 9-13 9
39、-4.2 STRESS ANALYSIS -9-13 9-2.3 MANUFACTURING ASPECTS 9-11 9-3 9-4 9-4.2.1 Trails . 9-15 9-4.2.2 Bottom Carriage Main Body . 9-20 9-4.2.3 Buckling of Vertical Plates . 9-34 9-4.2.4 Bottom Carriage Trail Lugs . 9-35 9-5 ADVANCED DESIGN FOR BOTTOM CARRIAGE STRUCTURES 9-40 9-5.1 FINITE ELEMENT MODEL 9
40、-40 9-5.1.1 General 9-40 BOTTOM CARRIAGE-SOIL INTERACTION . 9-55 9-5.1.2 Computation of Equivalent Loads . 9-45 9-52 NASTRAN STRESS ANALYSIS . 9-53 TRAIL SPADE/GROUND INTERACTION . 9-56 FIRING BASE (WITH AND WITHOUT STAKES)-GROUND INTERACTION 9-56 EFFECTS OF SOIL VARIABILITY 9-57 REFERENCES 9-57 9-6
41、 9-6.1 9-6.2 9-6.3 . viii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Paragraph MIL-HDBK-785 10 W 9997970 0057529 3 MIL-HDBK-785(AR) CONTENTS (contd) Page CHAPTER 10 DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY 10-1 INTRODUCTION 10-1 10-2 CATEGORIES OF MAINTENA
42、NCE 10-1 10-2.1 UNIT MAINTENANCE 10-1 10-2.2 DIRECT SUPPORT MAINTENANCE 10-2 10-2.3 GENERAL SUPPORT MAINTENANCE . .1 0-2 10-2.4 DEPOT MAINTENANCE 10-2 10-3 ACCESSIBILITY . 0-2 10-4 IDENTIFICATION AND LABELING 10.3 10-5 INTERCHANGEABILITY . 10-3 10-6 STANDARDIZATION i 10-3 10-7 SAFETY 10-4 10-8 SERVI
43、CING AND LUBRICATION 10-4 10-9 SIMPLIFICATION i . 10-4 REFERENCES . 10-5 CHAPTER 11 HUMAN FACTORS 11-1 INTRODUCTION 11-1 HUMAN BODY MEASUREMENTS (ANTHROPOMETRY) . 11-1 THE HUMAN BEING AS A SYSTEM COMPONENT 11-5 11-3.1 VISUAL PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION . 11-6 11-3.2 SKIN SENSES 1-6 11-3.3 NOISE 11-8
44、 11-4 DESIGN OF CONTROLS 11-8 11-5 DESIGN OF DISPLAYS i.11-11 . REFERENCES . 11-12 11-2 11-3 O . APPENDIX A . A-1 APPENDIX B . B-1 APPENDIX C . C-1 GLOSSARY G-1 INDEX 1-1 ix Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-785 LO m 9999970
45、 0057530 T m Figure No 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-1 I 1-12 1-13 1-14 1-15 1.16 . 1-17 1-18 1-19 2- 1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-1 I 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20 2-2 1 2-22 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3 -7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Title M198 Towed Artillery System
46、 . Family of Separate Loading 155-mm Ammunition Semifixed 105-mm Ammunition M199 Gun Tube and Breech for M198 Howitzer . Schematic Diagram of M198 Recoil Mechanism . U-Type Cradles O-Type Cradles Top Carriage Structure for M198 Howitzer . Tension-Type Pneumatic Equilibrator for M198 Howitzer Elevati
47、ng Mechanism Schematic for MI98 Howitzer . Traversing Mechanism With Gear on Top Carriage . Panoramic Telescope M1 and Telescope Mount M3 M 102 Box-Trail 105-mm Howitzer M204 Soft Recoil 105-mm Howitzer Double Recoil Mechanism . Elevating Gears Recoil and Reaction Forces . Typical Breech Force vs Ti
48、me Curve Recoil Force System Model of Towed Artillery Preliminary System Design . Pressure vs Travel and Tube Design Pressure Breech Force vs Time, 155-mm Howitzer . Overpressure vs Muzzle Brake Factor Trapezoidal Recoil Force . Schematic of Puteaux Recoil Mechanism Recuperator . Cradle Weight vs Re
49、coil Force . Elevating and Equilibrator Weight vs Tipping Parts Weight Spade-Float Geometry and Ground Reactions Pressure Distribution on Spades Angles of Approach and Departure ( Turning Geometry . Forces Acting on Weapon During Turning Soft Recoil Systems . Bottom Carriage Weight vs Recoil Force . Top Carriage Weight vs Recoil Force Support Assembly Weight vs Recoil Forc
