1、ASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMDESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ASmE BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL COmPONENTS IN THE CREEP RANGEbymaan H. JawadCamas, WashingtonRobert I. JetterPebble Beach, CaliforniaASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM ASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM 2009 by ASME, Three Pa
2、rk Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retri
3、eval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY
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5、OT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGI-NEERING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSIST-ANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT.ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publicat
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7、400, .Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataJawad, Maan H.Design and analysis of ASME boiler and pressure vessel components in the creep range / by Maan H. Jawad, Robert I. Jetter.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7918-0284-71. Pressure vesselsDesign and cons
8、truction. 2. Pressure vesselsMaterials. 3. BoilersEquipment and suppliesDesign and construction. 4. MetalsEffect of temperature on. 5. MetalsCreep. I. Jetter, R. I. II. Title.TS283.J39 2008681.76041dc222008047421Reprinted with corrections, 2011.ASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM ASME_Jawad_FM.
9、ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMTo our wivesDixie and BettyvASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM vASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMvASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM vASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMPREFACEMany structures in chemical plants, refineries, and power generation plant
10、s operate at elevated tem-peratures where creep and rupture are a design consideration. At such elevated temperatures, the material tends to undergo gradual strain with time, which could eventually lead to failure. Thus, the design of such components must take into consideration the creep and ruptur
11、e of the material. In this book, a brief introduction to the general principles of design at elevated temperatures is given with extensive references cited for further in-depth understanding of the subject. A key feature of the book is the use of numerous examples to illustrate the practical applica
12、tion of the design and analysis methods presented.The book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to various creep topics such as allowable stresses, creep properties, elastic analog, and reference stress methods, as well as a few introductory topics needed in various s
13、ubsequent chapters. Chapters 2 and 3 cover structural members in the creep range. In Chapter 2, the subject of members in axial tension is presented. Such members are encountered in pressure vessels as hangers, tray sup-ports, braces, and other miscellaneous components. Chapter 3 covers beams and pl
14、ates in bending. Components such as piping loops, tray support beams, internal piping, nozzle covers, and flat heads are included. A brief discussion of the requirements of ANSI B31.1 and B31.3 in the creep region is given.Chapters 4 and 5 discuss stress analysis of shells in the creep range. In Cha
15、pter 4, various stress categories are defined and the analysis of various components using “load controlled limits” of ASME section III-NH is discussed. Comparisons are also given between the design criteria in VIII-2 and III-NH and the limitations encountered in VIII-2 when designing in the creep r
16、ange. Chapter 5 cov-ers the analysis of pressure components using “strain and deformation controlled limits.” Discussion includes the requirements and limitations of the “A Tests” and “B Tests” outlined in III-NH.Cyclic loading in the creep-fatigue regime is discussed in Chapter 6. Both repetitive a
17、nd non-re-petitive cycles are presented with some examples illustrating the applicability and intent of III-NH in non-nuclear applications.Chapter 7 covers the issues related to buckling of components. Axial members as well as cylindrical and spherical shells are discussed. Simplified methods are pr
18、esented for design purposes. The assump-tions and limitations required to derive the simplified methods are also given.The two appendices included in the book are intended as design tools. Appendix A discusses the derivation of the Bree diagram, used in Chapter 5, and the assumptions made in plottin
19、g it. Under-standing the derivations will assist the designer in visualizing the applicability of the various regions in the Bree diagram to various design situations. Appendix B lists some conversion factors for English and metric units.vASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM vASME_Jawad_FM.ndd M
20、TC 02/24/2009 06:17AMThe design approaches illustrated in this book are based on the experience of the authors over the past 40 years, with assistance from colleagues. It is the intent of the authors that the methodology shown in the book will help the engineer accomplish a safe and economical desig
21、n for boiler and pres-sure vessel components operating at high temperatures where creep is a consideration.Maan H. JawadCamas, WashingtonRobert I. JetterPebble Beach, Californiai PrefacevASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM vASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMACknowlEdgEmEntThis book could
22、not have been written without the help of numerous people and we give our thanks to all of them. Special thanks are given to Pete Molvie, Bob Schueller, and the late John Fischer for providing background information on Section I and, to George Antaki, Chuck Becht, and Don Broekelmann for supplying v
23、aluable information on piping codes B31.1 and B31.3.Our thanks also extend to Don Griffin, Vern Severud, and Doug Marriott for providing insight into the background of various creep criteria and equations in III-NH and for their guidance.Special acknowledgement is also given to Craig Boyak for his g
24、enerous help with various segments of the book, to Joe Kelchner for providing a substantial number of the figures, to Wayne Mueller and Jack Anderson for supplying various information regarding the operation of power boilers and heat recovery steam generators, to Mike Bytnar, Don Chronister, and Ral
25、ph Killen for providing various photographs, to Basil Kattula for checking some of the column buckling equations, and to Ms. Dianne Morgan of the Camas Public Library for magically producing references and other older publications obtained from faraway places.A special thanks is also given to Mary G
26、race Stefanchick and Tara Smith of ASME for their valu-able help and guidance in editing and assembling the book.iivASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM xASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMvASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM xASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMnotAtIonSSome of th
27、e symbols used in this book are defined belowA = area of structural memberA = ASME designation for compressive strain in heads and shellsB = ASME designation for compressive stress in heads and shellsc = corrosion allowanceC = flat head bending factor in ASME, VIII-1d = diameterD = Et 3/12(1 - 2)D =
28、 force-deflection matrix of a memberDcf= factor to account for the interaction of creep and fatigue damageDi = inside diameterDo= outside diameterE = modulus of elasticityEH= modulus of elasticity at hot end of cycleEL= modulus of elasticity at cold end of cycleEo= joint efficiency factor in ASME, V
29、III-1, and ligament efficiencyin ASME-IEt= tangent modulusf = triaxiality factorf = stress reduction factor in pipesf = thickness factor for expanded tube ends in ASME, Section IF = force in axial members and beamsF = equivalent peak stress in plates and shellsF = peak stress in plates and shellsG =
30、 multiaxiality factorI = moment of inertiak = P/EIk = constantK = stiffness matrix of an elementK = plastic shape factorKt= creep shape factor. Approximate value adopted by the ASME fora rectangular cross section = (1 + K )/2Ksc= stress concentration factorK = constantKv = plastic Poisson ratio adju
31、stment factorl = effective length of columnL = length of membern = creep exponent, which is a function of material property andtemperaturenc= number of applied cyclesNd= number of allowable cyclesP = pressurePa= ASME allowable external pressure for heads and shellsPb= equivalent primary bending stre
32、ssPb = primary bending stressxASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM xASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMPL= equivalent local primary membrane stressPL = local primary membrane stressPm= equivalent general primary membrane stressPm = general primary membrane stressQ = equivalent secondary str
33、essQ = secondary stressr = radius of gyration = (I/A)0.5Ri= inside radiusRm= mean radius of shellRo= outside radiusRw= weldment reduction factor based on type of weld rodS = allowable stress for I, VIII-1, and VIII-2 constructionSa= alternating cycle stressSm= (1.5Sm+ 0.5St)/3Sm= allowable stress in
34、 III-NHSmt= membrane stress. It is the lower value of Smand Stobtained fromIII-NHSj= the initial stress level for cycle type jSo= Design stress values. The values are taken as equal to Smexcept fora few cases at lower temperatures, where values of Smtat 300,000hours exceed the Smvalues. In those lim
35、ited cases, Sois equal to Smtat300,000 hoursSr= stress to rupture strength given in Table I-14.6 of III-NHSr = relaxed stress level at time T adjusted for the multiaxial stress stateSr= relaxed stress level at time T based on a uniaxial relaxation modelSt= time-dependent stress intensity values obta
36、ined from III-NHSy= yield stressSyH= yield stress at the high temperature end of a cycleSyL= yield stress at the low temperature end of a cyclet = thicknessT = timeT = temperatureX = primary stress/Syy = temperature coefficient in ASME, Section IY = secondary stress/SyZ = section modulusZ = dimensio
37、nless effective creep parameter. It represents corestress valuesa = coefficient of thermal expansionec= creep strainb = 3(1 - 2)/Rm2t 20.25g = Ro/Rig1= Ri/RoDemax= maximum equivalent strain rangeDemod= modified maximum equivalent strain range that accounts forthe effects of local plasticity and cree
38、pet= total strain range = Poissons ratiosc= elastic core stress at a cross sectionscH = elastic core stress at the high temperature end of a cycle NotationsxASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM xASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMscL= elastic core stress at the low temperature end of a cycl
39、esL= longitudinal stresssr= radial stresssR= reference stresssy= yield stresssq= circumferential (hoop) stresss1, s2, s3= principal stressesNotations ixASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM xASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMABBREVIAtIonS FoR oRgAnIZAtIonSAISC American Institute of Steel Co
40、nstructionANSI American National Standards InstituteAPI American Petroleum InstituteASM American Society of MetalsASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersASTM American Society for Testing and MaterialsBS British StandardEN European StandardMPC Materials Properties CouncilUBC Uniform Building Co
41、deWRC Welding Research CouncilxASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AM xASME_Jawad_FM.ndd MTC 02/24/2009 06:17AMContEntSPreface vAcknowledgement viiNotations ixAbbreiations for Organizations xiiChapter 1Basic Concepts 31.1 Introduction . 31.2 Creep in Metals 31.2.1 Description and Measurement . 31.
42、2.2 Elevated Temperature Material Behavior . 41.2.3 Creep Characteristics . 71.3 Allowable Stress . 101.3.1 ASME B (2) 67% of the minimum stress to rupture in time, T; (3) 80% of the minimum stress to cause initiation of third-stage creep in time, T; and (4)100% of the average stress to cause a total (elastic, plastic, and creep) strain of 1% in time, T. Note that these allowable stress criteria are more conservative than for non-nuclear systems for the same 100,000-hour refer
