1、STP-TS-012-1THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WORKING GASES USED IN WORKING GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONSSTP-TS-012-1 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WORKING GASES USED IN GAS TURBINE APPLICATIONS Prepared by: ASME Standards Technology, LLC Air Properties Committee Date of Issuance: March 5, 2012 This report was
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9、6-5990 ISBN No. 978-0-7918-3403-9 Copyright 2012 by ASME Standards Technology, LLC All Rights Reserved Thermophysical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications STP-TS-012-1 iii Summary of Changes March 5, 2012 STP-TS-012-1 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WORKING GASES USED IN GAS TUR
10、BINE APPLICATIONS The following changes have been made to the first revision of STP-TS-012. Rev. 1 Page Location Change iv-viii Table of Contents Updated to reflect changes 14 Table 18, row 3 Corrected from “1.50” to “-1.50” 14 Table 18, row 4 Corrected from “1.25” to “-1.25” 14 Table 18, row 5 Corr
11、ected from “0.75” to “-0.75” 14 Table 18, row 6 Corrected from “0.50” to “-0.50” 14 Table 18, row 7 Corrected from “0.25” to “-0.25” 79 Annex F Inserted NASA Tables Referenced to 77F STP-TS-012-1 Thermophysical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Forewor
12、d ix Abstract . x 1 OBJECTIVE . 1 2 SCOPE 1 3 NOMENCLATURE . 1 3.1 Symbols . 1 3.2 Greek Symbols . 2 3.3 Superscripts 2 3.4 Subscripts . 2 4 GUIDING PRINCIPLES 2 4.1 Ideal Gas 2 4.1.1 NASA Approach . 3 4.1.2 VDI Approach . 3 4.1.3 Reference Temperature and Pressure 4 4.2 Real Gas . 4 4.3 Fundamental
13、 Constants, Relative Atomic Weights and Enthalpies of Formation . 4 5 IDEAL GAS . 5 5.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Mixtures of Ideal Gases 5 5.1.1 Definitions and Conversion Rules 5 5.1.2 Calculation of Density 6 5.1.3 Calculation of Isobaric Heat Capacity 7 5.1.4 Calculation of Enthalpy 7 5.1.5 Ca
14、lculation of Entropy 7 5.1.6 Calculation of Speed of Sound . 8 5.2 Ideal Gas Equations According to the NASA Scheme 8 5.3 Ideal Gas Equations According to the VDI Scheme 13 6 REAL GAS. 17 6.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Mixtures of Real Gases 18 6.2 Water Content at Saturation . 23 7 IDEAL AND
15、 REAL GAS PROPERTY DATA TABLES 25 7.1 Diatomic Oxygen (O2) . 25 7.2 Diatomic Nitrogen (N2) 28 7.3 Diatomic Hydrogen (H2) 32 7.4 Water/Steam (H2O) 34 7.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) . 38 7.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) . 40 7.7 Ammonia (NH3) . 43 7.8 Methanol (CH3OH) 45 7.9 Argon (Ar) . 48 7.10 Air 51 Thermophysic
16、al Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications STP-TS-012-1 v 7.11 Oxygen (O) 55 7.12 Hydrogen (H) . 56 7.13 Nitrogen (N). 58 7.14 Hydroxide (OH) . 60 7.15 Nitric Oxide (NO) 62 References 65 Acknowledgments 68 In Memory of Bonnie J. McBride 69 Abbreviations and Acronyms . 70 Annex A
17、 - Verification of Programs Using Ideal Gas Equations . 71 Annex B - Uncertainty of the Ideal Gas Equations 72 Annex C - Sulfuric Acid Dew-Points . 75 Annex D - Impact of Dissociation 76 Annex E - Sample Calculations of Gas Mixtures . 78 Annex F - NASA Tables Referenced to 77F 79 List of Tables Tabl
18、e 1 - Enthalpies of Formation 5 Table 2 - NASA Coefficients for Diatomic Oxygen (O2) 9 Table 3 - NASA Coefficients for Diatomic Nitrogen (N2) . 9 Table 4 - NASA Coefficients for Diatomic Hydrogen (H2) . 9 Table 5 - NASA Coefficients for Gaseous Water / Steam (H2O) . 10 Table 6 - NASA Coefficients fo
19、r Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 Table 7 - NASA Coefficients for Carbon Dioxide (CO2). 10 Table 8 - NASA Coefficients for Ammonia (NH3) 11 Table 9 - NASA Coefficients for Methanol (CH3OH) . 11 Table 10 - NASA Coefficients for Argon (Ar). 11 Table 11 - NASA Coefficients for Standard Dry Air(1)11 Table 12 -
20、Composition of NASA Standard Dry (Air) 12 Table 13 - NASA Coefficients for Atomic Oxygen (O) 12 Table 14 - NASA Coefficients for Atomic Hydrogen (H) . 12 Table 15 - NASA Coefficients for Atomic Nitrogen (N) . 12 Table 16 - NASA Coefficients for Hydroxide (OH) 13 Table 17 - NASA Coefficients for Nitr
21、ic Oxide (NO) . 13 Table 18 - Temperature Exponents of the Polynomial Equations (24, 25, 27) 14 STP-TS-012-1 Thermophysical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications vi Table 19 - Substance Specific Coefficients Ak,I J.mol1.K1 of Eq. (24) for the Ideal Gas Heat Capacity According
22、to the VDI Scheme . 14 Table 20 - Substance Specific Coefficients Ck,I J.mol1 of Eq. (25) for the Ideal Gas Enthalpy According to the VDI Scheme 15 Table 21 - Substance Specific Coefficients Dk,I J.mol1.K1 of Eq. (27) for the Ideal Gas Entropy According to the VDI Scheme 16 Table 22 - O2Ideal Gas Pr
23、operties 25 Table 23 - O2Real Gas Properties 27 Table 24 - N2Ideal Gas Properties 28 Table 25 - N2Real Gas Properties 30 Table 26 - H2Ideal Gas Properties 32 Table 27 - H2O Ideal Gas Properties . 34 Table 28 - H2O Real Gas Properties . 36 Table 29 - CO Ideal Gas Properties 38 Table 30 - CO2Ideal Gas
24、 Properties . 40 Table 31 - CO2Real Gas Properties 42 Table 32 - NH3Ideal Gas Properties . 43 Table 33 - CH3OH Ideal Gas Properties . 45 Table 34 - Ar Ideal Gas Properties 48 Table 35 - Ar Real Gas Properties 50 Table 36 - Air Ideal Gas Properties 51 Table 37 - Air Real Gas Properties . 53 Table 38
25、- O Ideal Gas Properties . 55 Table 39 - H Ideal Gas Properties . 57 Table 40 - N Ideal Gas Properties . 58 Table 41 - OH Ideal Gas Properties 60 Table 42 - NO Ideal Gas Properties 62 Table 43 - Values for Computer Program Verification Calculated According to the VDI Approach . 71 Table 44 - Estimat
26、ed Uncertainties of Isobaric Heat Capacities, Enthalpy Differences and Entropy Differences 73 Table 45 - O2Equation Coefficients . 79 Table 46 - O2Ideal Gas Properties 79 Table 47 - N2Equation Coefficients . 83 Table 48 - N2Ideal Gas Properties 83 Table 49 - H2Equation Coefficients N . 87 Thermophys
27、ical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications STP-TS-012-1 vii Table 50 - H2Ideal Gas Properties . 87 Table 51 - H2O Equation Coefficients N 91 Table 52 - H2O Ideal Gas Properties 91 Table 53 - CO Equation Coefficients N . 95 Table 54 - CO Ideal Gas Properties 95 Table 55 - CO2Eq
28、uation Coefficients 99 Table 56 - CO2Ideal Gas Properties 99 Table 57 - NH3Equation Coefficients 103 Table 58 - NH3Ideal Gas Properties 103 Table 59 - CH3OH Equation Coefficients 107 Table 60 - CH3OH Ideal Gas Properties . 107 Table 61 - Ar Equation Coefficients 111 Table 62 - Ar Ideal Gas Propertie
29、s . 111 Table 63 - Air Equation Coefficients . 115 Table 64 - Air Ideal Gas Properties 115 Table 65 - O Equation Coefficients 119 Table 66 - O Ideal Gas Properties 119 Table 67 - H Equation Coefficients 123 Table 68 - H Ideal Gas Properties 123 Table 69 - N Equation Coefficients 127 Table 70 - N Ide
30、al Gas Properties 127 Table 71 - OH Equation Coefficients . 131 Table 72 - OH Ideal Gas Properties . 131 Table 73 - NO Equation Coefficients . 135 Table 74 - NO Ideal Gas Properties . 135 List of Figures Figure 1 - Percent Deviations Between Heat Capacities 18 Figure 2 - Saturated Vapor Density of W
31、ater and the Corresponding Ideal Gas Pressure . 20 Figure 3 - Saturated Vapor Density of Carbon Dioxide and the Corresponding Ideal Gas Pressure 20 Figure 4 - Percent Deviations Between Heat Capacities 21 Figure 5 - Percent Deviations Between Heat Capacities at Ideal Gas States . 22 Figure 6 - Perce
32、ntage Deviations (Cpo= Cpo,NASA Cpo,VDI) Between Isobaric Heat Capacities of Dry Air and a Combustion Gas 72 Figure 7 - Percentage Uncertainty of Ideal Gas Isobaric Heat Capacities . 74 STP-TS-012-1 Thermophysical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications viii Figure 8 - Dew-Point
33、 Temperature as a Function of Sulfuric Acid Mole Fraction and Water Partial Pressure 75 Figure 9 - Relative Increase of the Effective Isobaric Heat Capacity . 76 Figure 10 - Time Dependence of NO Formation in Dry Air and in a Typical Gas-Turbine Combustion Gas 77 Thermophysical Properties of Working
34、 Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications STP-TS-012-1 ix FOREWORD This document describes a collection of ideal gas and real gas data for 14 chemical species and air, in temperature and pressures ranges typically of interest to the gas turbine performance community. The ideal gas data (heat capacity,
35、 enthalpy, entropy and enthalpy of formation) for these species is readily available in the literature. For each species, the relevant data has been documented, evaluated and recommended values presented in at least three published sources. The committee has adopted equation representations, as publ
36、ished by NASA and VDI, which are based on one of these recommended sets, although any of the three sets could have been used to derive an equation representation. The committee is certainly aware that new experimental measurements could suggest a modified set of recommended data. Any comments from t
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41、.org for more information. STP-TS-012-1 Thermophysical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications x ABSTRACT This document presents a consensus of the Air Properties Committee of the latest formulations for ideal gas thermodynamic and viscosity (pure fluids only) for working fluids
42、 most typically used by the gas turbine performance community. Real gas properties are considered where necessary. The investigation on ideal gas properties has shown that there are two sets of formulations available (NASA and VDI), which represent the current knowledge on properties of the relevant
43、 gases equally well. The results of both formulations agree with each other to far within the uncertainty of the best available data. Since both formulations have advantages and disadvantages regarding simplicity and range of validity, the Air Properties Committee decided to include both sets as alt
44、ernative means for property calculations. The correlation equations given are based on the NASA/TP-2002-211556 “NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic of Individual Species” and the NASA “Thermobuild” website and on the VDI guideline 4670. Where necessary, real gas properties for the
45、most relevant components of humid air and combustion gases are calculated using internationally accepted reference equations of state, as they are used, e.g., in the NIST Reference data base for Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties “REFPROP,” Version 8.1 3 software. In the absence of an appr
46、opriate mixture model covering all working gases relevant for gas turbine applications, a model based on a quasi-ideal mixture of real gases (herein after abbreviated as “ideal mixture of real gases”) is presented. An advanced model is given to accurately calculate the gas-phase partial-pressure of
47、water at saturation for humid air at high pressures, as it is required, e.g., in humidified gas-turbine or compressed air energy storage applications. This document explicitly presents the relatively simple equations required for calculating the ideal gas property data. The much more comprehensive r
48、eference equations for the real fluid behavior are available from cited publications. The following table summarizes the properties addressed in this document: Species Ideal Gas Coefficients and Tables NASA Ideal Gas Coefficients VDI Real Gas Properties O2X X X N2X X X H2X H2O X X X CO X X CO2X X X
49、NH3X CH3OH X Ar X X X Air X X O X H X N X OH X NO X Ne X SO2X Thermophysical Properties of Working Gases Used in Gas Turbine Applications STP-TS-012-1 1 1 OBJECTIVE The objective of this document is to provide working gas properties for the entire gas turbine establishment. 2 SCOPE This document presents recommended thermodynamic and transport property data, as derived from a critical evaluation of experimental and theoretical data. Citations as to the origin of this evaluation are given. Ideal and real gas property tables are presented. In addition, two (quantitative
