1、Designation: A 31 04e1Standard Specification forSteel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTESections 2.2 and 3.1.9 were editorially revised in October 2006.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers steel rivets for use in boilersand
3、pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufactureof rivets.1.2 Two grades are covered:1.2.1 Grade ABars having a yield point of 23 000 psi(160 MPa) minimum with no controls on carbon content.1.2.2 Grade BBars having a yield point of 29 000 psi(200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.1.2
4、.3 Rivets are manufactured from the applicable bargrade.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A 29/A 29M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon andAlloy,Hot-Wrought
5、, General Requirements forA 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsF 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-cal Properties and Performance Inspection2.2 ASME Standard
6、s:4B18.1.1 Small Solid Rivets716 Inch Nominal Diameter andSmallerB18.1.2 Large Rivets12 Inch Nominal Diameter and LargerB18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Stan-dard for B18 Fastener Products3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for rivets and bars under this specification shallinclude:3.1.
7、1 ASTM designation and date of issue,3.1.2 QuantityNumber of pieces for rivets and weight forbars,3.1.3 Name of product and grade (A or B),3.1.4 Size (diameter and length),3.1.5 Rivet head type,3.1.6 If inspection at point of manufacture is required,3.1.7 Certification, if required (Section 14), and
8、3.1.8 Additional testing or special requirements, if required.3.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, seeASME B18.24.NOTE 1A typical ordering description is: ASTM A 31 82, 10 000pieces, steel rivets Grade A,12 by 2 in., button head, test reports required.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1
9、 The steel shall be made by any of the followingprocesses: open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen.4.2 Rivets shall be manufactured from rivet bars conform-ing to the applicable grade ordered.4.3 Rivets shall be manufactured by hot- or cold-heading.4.4 Bars shall be furnished as rolled and no
10、t pickled, blastcleaned, or oiled.At producers option, bars may be cleaned forinspection or cold drawn.5. Chemical Composition5.1 The steel shall conform to chemical composition pre-scribed in Table 1.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat of steel shallbe made by the bar manufacturer to determin
11、e for GradesAandB the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published Aug
12、ust 2004. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as A 31 00.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-31 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
13、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990.1*A Summary of Chang
14、es section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.sulfur. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot takenduring the pouring of the heat. The chemical composition thusdetermined shall be
15、 reported to the purchaser or his represen-tative and shall conform to the requirements for heat analysisin accordance with Table 1.5.3 Product AnalysisAn analysis may be made by thepurchaser from finished materials representing each heat. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to the
16、requirements for product analysis prescribed in Table 1.5.4 Application of heats of steel to which bismuth, sele-nium, tellurium, or lead has been intentionally added shall notbe permitted.5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.6. Me
17、chanical Properties6.1 Rivet Bend Tests:6.1.1 The rivet shank of GradeAsteel shall stand being bentcold through 180 flat on itself, as shown in Fig. 1, withoutcracking on the outside of the bent portion.6.1.2 The rivet shank of Grade B steel shall stand being bentcold through 180 without cracking on
18、 the outside of the bentportion in accordance with Table 2.6.2 Rivet Flattening TestsThe rivet head shall stand beingflattened, while hot, to a diameter 212 times the diameter of theshank, as shown in Fig. 2, without cracking at the edges.6.3 Bar Tensile PropertiesBars shall conform to thetensile re
19、quirements in accordance with Table 3.6.4 Bar Bend Tests:6.4.1 The test specimen for Grade A steel bars shall standbeing bent cold through 180 flat on itself without cracking onthe outside of the bent portion.6.4.2 The test specimen for Grade B steel bars shall standbeing bent cold through 180 witho
20、ut cracking on the outsideof the bent portion to an inside diameter which shall have arelation to the diameter of the specimen in accordance withTable 4.7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations7.1 Rivets:7.1.1 The dimensions of rivets shall conform to B18.1.2 fornominal diameters in. and larg
21、er and B18.1.1 for nominaldiameters716 in. and less.7.1.2 Snap gage measurement shall be made at the point ofminimum diameter, but it is not required that the rivet shall turncompletely in the gage. Measurements of the maximum toler-ance shall be made with a ring gage, all rivets to slip full to the
22、head in the gage of the required size for the various diameters.7.2 BarsThe diameter of hot-finished rivet bars shall notvary from the size specified by more than the amounts inaccordance with Table 5.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 RivetsThe finished rivets shall be true to form, con-cent
23、ric, and free of injurious defects.8.2 Bars:8.2.1 Bars shall be free of visible pipe, undue segregation,and injurious surface imperfections.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsGrade A Grade BHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisCarbon, max, % . . . . . . 0.28 0.31Manganese, % 0.300.60 0.27
24、0.63 0.300.80 0.270.83Phosphorus, max, % 0.040 0.048 0.040 0.048Sulfur, max, % 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058FIG. 1 Bend Test of RivetTABLE 2 Bend Requirements, RivetsDiameter ofRivet Shank, in.Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter ofRiver ShankGrade A Grade B34 and underOver34flatflat1112FIG. 2 Flattening Te
25、st of RivetTABLE 3 Tensile Requirements, BarsGrade A Grade BTensile strength, psi (MPa) 45 00055 000(310380)58 00068 000(400470)Yield point, min, psi (MPA) 23 000 (160) 29 000 (200)Elongation in 8 in. or 200mm, min, %27 22Elongation in 2 in. or 50mm, min, %33 25TABLE 4 Bend Requirements, BarsSpecime
26、n Diameter, in.Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter ofSpecimenGrade A Grade B34 and underOver34flatflat121A3104e128.2.2 Surface FinishThe bars shall have a commercialhot-wrought finish obtained by conventional hot rolling. See4.4 for producers descaling option.9. Number of Tests and Retests9.1 RivetsS
27、ampling for rivet bend and rivet flatteningtests shall be in accordance with Guide F 1470, detectionprocess.9.2 Bars:9.2.1 Two tension tests shall be made from each heat, unlessthe finished material from a heat is less than 50 tons (45 Mg),when one tension test will be sufficient. However, for mater
28、ial2 in. (51 mm) and under in thickness, when the material fromone heat differs38 in. (9.5 mm) or more in thickness, onetension test shall be made from both the thickest and thethinnest material rolled regardless of the weight represented.Each test shall conform to the specified requirements.9.2.2 R
29、etests on bars may be made in accordance withSpecification A 29/A 29M.10. Specimen Preparation10.1 RivetsRivets shall be tested in their full-size finishedcondition.10.2 Bars:10.2.1 Test specimen selection and preparation shall be inaccordance with Specification A 29/A 29M and Test Methodsand Defini
30、tions A 370.10.2.2 Tension and bend test specimens for rivet bars whichhave been cold drawn shall be normalized before testing.11. Test Methods11.1 RivetsRivet bend and flattening tests shall be inaccordance with the manufacturers standard test procedures.11.2 BarsTension and bend tests shall be con
31、ducted inaccordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370, andespecially Supplement I thereof, on steel bar products.12. Inspection12.1 If the testing described in Section 9 is required by thepurchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract ororder.12.2 The inspector representing the p
32、urchaser shall havefree entry at all times, while work on the contract of thepurchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manufacturersworks that concern the manufacture of the material ordered.The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonablefacilities, without charge, to satisfy him
33、that the material isbeing furnished in accordance with this specification. All tests(except product analysis) and inspection shall be made at theplace of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwisespecified, and shall be so conducted as not to interfereunnecessarily with the operation of the wor
34、ks.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 RivetsRivets that fail to conform to the requirementsof this specification may be rejected. Rejection should bereported to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. Incase of dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the produceror supplier may make cla
35、im for a rehearing.13.2 BarsRejection and rehearing shall be in accordancewith Specification A 29/A 29M.14. Certification14.1 When specified on the purchase order, the manufac-turer shall furnish certification that the material was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification toget
36、herwith a report of the heat analysis (5.2) and mechanical propertytest results (Section 6) as applicable to the product ordered. Thereport shall include the manufacturers name, ASTM designa-tion, grade, heat number (bars only), and authorized signature.15. Responsibility15.1 The party responsible f
37、or the fastener shall be theorganization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.16. Packaging and Package Marking16.1 RivetsRivets shall be properly packed and marked toprevent damage and loss during shipment.16.2 BarsBars shall be packed and marked in accordancewith Specification A 29/A 29M.17
38、. Keywords17.1 bars; carbon steel; pressure vessel rivets; rivets; steelTABLE 5 Permissible Variations in the Size of Hot-RolledRoundsSpecified Size, in.Variations, from Size, in.Out-of-Round,Ain.Over Under516 and under 0.005 0.005 0.008Over516 to716 , incl 0.006 0.006 0.009Over716 to58 , incl 0.007
39、 0.007 0.010Over58 to78 , incl 0.008 0.008 0.012Over78 to 1, incl 0.009 0.009 0.013Over 1 to 118 , incl 0.010 0.010 0.015Over 118 to 114 , incl 0.011 0.011 0.016Over 114 to 138 , incl 0.012 0.012 0.018Over 138 to 112 , incl 0.014 0.014 0.021AOut-of-round is the difference between the maximum and min
40、imum diametersof the bar, measured at the same cross section.A3104e13SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee F16 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A 31 00,that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2004.)(1) Revised Section 15, Responsibility
41、.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, ar
42、e entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standa
43、rdsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Commit
44、tee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).A3104e14
