1、Designation: A31 04 (Reapproved 2009)A31 14Standard Specification forSteel Rivets and Bars for Rivets, Pressure Vessels1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA31; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2 covers steel rivets for use in boilers and pressure vessels and steel bars for use in the manufa
3、cture ofrivets.1.2 Two grades are covered:1.2.1 Grade ABars having a yield point of 23 000 psi (160 MPa) minimum with no controls on carbon content. carbon 0.18%maximum.1.2.2 Grade BBars having a yield point of 29 000 psi (200 MPa) minimum with carbon 0.28 % maximum.1.2.3 Rivets are manufactured fro
4、m the applicable bar grade.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A29/A29M Spec
5、ification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-WroughtA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechanical
6、 Properties and Performance Inspection2.2 ASME Standards:4B18.1.1 Small Solid Rivets 716 Inch Nominal Diameter and SmallerB18.1.2 Large Rivets 12 Inch Nominal Diameter and LargerB18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System Standard for B18 Fastener Products3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for r
7、ivets and bars under this specification shall include:3.1.1 ASTMSpecification designation and date of issue,3.1.2 QuantityNumber of pieces for rivets and weight for bars,3.1.3 Name of product and grade (A or B),3.1.4 Size (diameter and length),3.1.5 Rivet head type,3.1.6 If inspection at point of ma
8、nufacture is required,3.1.7 Certification, if required (Section 14), and3.1.8 Additional testing or special requirements, if required.3.1.9 For establishment of a part identifying system, see ASME B18.24.NOTE 1A typical ordering description is: ASTM A31 82, 10 000 pieces, steel rivets Grade A, 12 by
9、 2 in., button head, test reports required.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Nuts, Rivetsand Washers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009April 1, 2014. Published March 2010April 2
10、014. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asA31 04 1.(2009). DOI: 10.1520/A0031-04R09.10.1520/A0031-14.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-31 in Section II of that Code.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM w
11、ebsite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo
12、Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990,http:/www.asme.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes ac
13、curately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
14、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Materials and Manufacture4.1 The steel shall be made by any of the following processes: open-hearth, electric-furnace, or basic-oxygen.4.2 Rivets shall be manufactured from rivet bars conforming to the applicable grade ordered
15、.4.3 Rivets shall be manufactured by hot- or cold-heading.4.4 Bars shall be furnished as rolled and not pickled, blast cleaned, or oiled. At producers option, bars may be cleaned forinspection or cold drawn.5. Chemical Composition5.1 The steel shall conform to chemical composition prescribed in Tabl
16、e 1.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the bar manufacturer to determine for Grades A and Bthe percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot taken during thepouring of the heat. The chemical composition thus d
17、etermined shall be reported to the purchaser or his representative and shallconform to the requirements for heat analysis in accordance with Table 1.5.3 Product AnalysisAn analysis may be made by the purchaser from finished materials representing each heat. The chemicalcomposition thus determined sh
18、all conform to the requirements for product analysis prescribed in Table 1.5.4 Application of heats of steel to which bismuth, selenium, tellurium, or lead has been intentionally added shall not bepermitted.5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Term
19、inology A751.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Rivet Bend Tests:6.1.1 The rivet shank of GradeAsteel shall stand being bent cold through 180 flat on itself, as shown in Fig. 1, without crackingon the outside of the bent portion.6.1.2 The rivet shank of Grade B steel shall stand being bent cold through 180
20、 without cracking on the outside of the bentportion in accordance with Table 2.6.2 Rivet Flattening TestsThe rivet head shall stand being flattened, while hot, to a diameter 212 times the diameter of theshank, as shown in Fig. 2, without cracking at the edges.6.3 Bar Tensile PropertiesBars shall con
21、form to the tensile requirements in accordance with Table 3.6.4 Bar Bend Tests:6.4.1 The test specimen for Grade A steel bars shall stand being bent cold through 180 flat on itself without cracking on theoutside of the bent portion.6.4.2 The test specimen for Grade B steel bars shall stand being ben
22、t cold through 180 without cracking on the outside of thebent portion to an inside diameter which shall have a relation to the diameter of the specimen in accordance with Table 4.7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations7.1 Rivets:TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsGrade A Grade BHeatAnalysisProduct
23、AnalysisHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisCarbon, max, % . . . . . . 0.28 0.31Manganese, % 0.300.60 0.270.63 0.300.80 0.270.83Phosphorus, max, % 0.040 0.048 0.040 0.048Sulfur, max, % 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsGrade A Grade BHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisHeatAnalysisProductAnalysisCar
24、bon, max, % 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.31Manganese, % 0.300.60 0.270.63 0.300.80 0.270.83Phosphorus, max, % 0.040 0.048 0.040 0.048Sulfur, max, % 0.050 0.058 0.050 0.058A31 1427.1.1 The dimensions of rivets shall conform to B18.1.2 for nominal diameters in. and larger and B18.1.1 for nominal diameters716 in.
25、and less.7.1.2 Snap gage measurement shall be made at the point of minimum diameter, but it is not required that the rivet shall turncompletely in the gage. Measurements of the maximum tolerance shall be made with a ring gage, all rivets to slip full to the headin the gage of the required size for t
26、he various diameters.7.2 BarsThe diameter of hot-finished rivet bars shall not vary from the size specified by more than the amounts in accordancewith Table 5.FIG. 1 Bend Test of RivetTABLE 2 Bend Requirements, RivetsDiameter ofRivet Shank, in.Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter ofRiver ShankGrade A
27、Grade B34 and underOver 34flatflat1112FIG. 2 Flattening Test of RivetTABLE 3 Tensile Requirements, BarsGrade A Grade BTensile strength, psi (MPa) 45 00055 000(310380)58 00068 000(400470)Tensile strength, psi (MPa) 45 00058 000(310400)58 00068 000(400470)Yield point, min, psi (MPA) 23 000 (160) 29 00
28、0 (200)Elongation in 8 in. or 200mm, min, %27 22Elongation in 2 in. or 50mm, min, %33 25TABLE 4 Bend Requirements, BarsSpecimen Diameter, in.Ratio of Bend Diameter to Diameter ofSpecimenGrade A Grade B34 and underOver 34flatflat121A31 1438. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 RivetsThe finished r
29、ivets shall be true to form, concentric, and free of injurious defects.8.2 Bars:8.2.1 Bars shall be free of visible pipe, undue segregation, and injurious surface imperfections.8.2.2 Surface FinishThe bars shall have a commercial hot-wrought finish obtained by conventional hot rolling. See 4.4 forpr
30、oducers descaling option.9. Number of Tests and Retests9.1 RivetsSampling for rivet bend and rivet flattening tests shall be in accordance with Guide F1470, detection process.9.2 Bars:9.2.1 Two tension tests shall be made from each heat, unless the finished material from a heat is less than 50 tons
31、(45 Mg), whenone tension test will be sufficient. However, for material 2 in. (51 mm) and under in thickness, when the material from one heatdiffers 38 in. (9.5 mm) or more in thickness, one tension test shall be made from both the thickest and the thinnest material rolledregardless of the weight re
32、presented. Each test shall conform to the specified requirements.9.2.2 Retests on bars may be made in accordance with Specification A29/A29M.10. Specimen Preparation10.1 RivetsRivets shall be tested in their full-size finished condition.10.2 Bars:10.2.1 Test specimen selection and preparation shall
33、be in accordance with Specification A29/A29M and Test Methods andDefinitions A370.10.2.2 Tension and bend test specimens for rivet bars which have been cold drawn shall be normalized before testing.11. Test Methods11.1 RivetsRivet bend and flattening tests shall be in accordance with the manufacture
34、rs standard test procedures.11.2 BarsTension and bend tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370, and especiallySupplement I thereof, on steel bar products.12. Inspection12.1 If the testing described in Section 9 is required by the purchaser, it shall be specified
35、in the inquiry and contract or order.12.2 The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry at all times, while work on the contract of the purchaser isbeing performed, to all parts of the manufacturers works that concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturershall af
36、ford the inspector all reasonable facilities, without charge, to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordancewith this specification. All tests (except product analysis) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior toshipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall
37、 be so conducted as not to interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.13. Rejection and Rehearing13.1 RivetsRivets that fail to conform to the requirements of this specification may be rejected. Rejection should be reportedto the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of
38、dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or suppliermay make claim for a rehearing.TABLE 5 Permissible Variations in the Size of Hot-Rolled RoundsSpecified Size, in. Variations, from Size, in. Out-of-Round,A in.Over Under516 and under 0.005 0.005 0.008Over 516 to 716, incl 0.006 0.
39、006 0.009Over 716 to 58, incl 0.007 0.007 0.010Over 58 to 78, incl 0.008 0.008 0.012Over 78 to 1, incl 0.009 0.009 0.013Over 1 to 118 , incl 0.010 0.010 0.015Over 118 to 114, incl 0.011 0.011 0.016Over 114 to 138, incl 0.012 0.012 0.018Over 138 to 112, incl 0.014 0.014 0.021A Out-of-round is the dif
40、ference between the maximum and minimum diameters ofthe bar, measured at the same cross section.A31 14413.2 BarsRejection and rehearing shall be in accordance with Specification A29/A29M.14. Certification14.1 When specified on the purchase order, the manufacturer shall furnish certification that the
41、 material was manufactured andtested in accordance with this specification together with a report of the heat analysis (5.2) and mechanical property test results(Section 6) as applicable to the product ordered. The report shall include the manufacturers name,ASTM designation, grade, heatnumber (bars
42、 only), and authorized signature.15. Responsibility15.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.16. Packaging and Package Marking16.1 RivetsRivets shall be properly packed and marked to prevent damage and loss during shipment.16.2
43、BarsBars shall be packed and marked in accordance with Specification A29/A29M.17. Keywords17.1 bars; carbon steel; pressure vessel rivets; rivets; steelSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSS1. CertificationS1.1 The certification requirements in 14.1 are mandatory.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee F16 has identified
44、the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, issue(A31 00A31, 04(2009) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2004.)(1) Revised Section 15, Responsibility.(1) Revised Sections 1.2.1, and 3.1.1, and Table 1 and Table 3.(2) Added Supplementary Requiremen
45、t S1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights
46、, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional sta
47、ndardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Com
48、mittee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A31 145
