1、Designation: A34/A34M 06 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forSampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A34/A34M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test prac-tices for determination of various magnetic properties
3、 of bothsoft and hard magnetic materials.1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, orindependent of, the standard test methods and materials speci-fications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. Inthe former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listedherein shall no
4、t supersede those found in the individual testmethods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, thesampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictlyapply.1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emuand inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately asstand
5、ard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in bracketsexcept for the sections concerning calculations where there areseparate sections for the respective unit systems. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Com
6、bin-ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
7、determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating toMagnetic Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to magnetic testing,reference shall be made to T
8、erminology A340.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selectionand preparation of test specimens used in the determination ofmagnetic properties of various materials.4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base elec-trical steels is given and a table of
9、 assumed densities formagnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is pro-vided.5. Test Lots5.1 Wrought, Flat-Rolled, or Long Products:5.1.1 Atest lot of wrought, flat-rolled, or long products shallconsist of not more than 50 000 lb 23 000 kg of material.5.1.2 A test lot may be composed of co
10、ils or cut lengths. Atest lot of coil product may consist of one or more coils havingessentially the same treatment and composition.5.2 Amorphous Strip and Wire:5.2.1 A test lot shall consist of a continuously cast strip orwire in one coil without breaks. In practice this may representquantities up
11、to 2200 lb 1000 kg.5.3 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:5.3.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometryand dimensions, made from powder of the same composition,molded and sintered under the same conditions, which havebeen submitted for inspection at one time.5.4 Cast Parts:5.4.1 A
12、test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometryand dimensions, made from the same casting heat, which havebeen submitted for inspection at one time.6. Sampling6.1 Electrical Steel Coils:6.1.1 From test lots in coil form, consisting of only onemaster coil, prepare the test strips from test sheet
13、s cut from oneor both ends of the coil.6.1.2 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coilssheared or slit from a master coil, the test strips shall beprepared from test sheets representing one or both ends of themaster coil.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on M
14、agneticProperties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.01 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originallyapproved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A34/A34M 06. DOI:10.1520/A0034_A0034M-06R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
15、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
16、2959. United States16.1.3 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coilshaving essentially the same treatment and composition, teststrips shall be prepared from test sheets cut from one or bothends of enough master coils to be representative of the lot.6.2 Electrical Steel Cut Lengths :6.2.1
17、 When cut lengths are sheared from coil materialwithout subsequent treatments (such as roller leveling or coldrolling), the test on the original coil shall suffice.6.2.2 Two or more test sheets shall be taken from the samelot of cut length steel that has been cold rolled or leveled. Thesetest sheets
18、 shall not lie adjacent to each other, but shall beselected in a manner to assure representative sampling.6.3 Wrought Products Other Than Electrical Steels:6.3.1 Sampling shall be one sample per each heat applied tothe order unless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTMspecification or by mutua
19、l agreement between the producer andpurchaser.6.4 Amorphous Strip and Wire:6.4.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample from each end ofeach continuously cast coil unless otherwise specified in theappropriate ASTM specification or by mutual agreement be-tween the producer and purchaser.6.5 Powder Meta
20、llurgically Produced Parts:6.5.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample per test lotunless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTM specifica-tion or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.6.6 Cast Parts:6.6.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample per test lotunless otherwise specifie
21、d in the appropriate ASTM specifica-tion or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens used for the determination of prop-erties of magnetic materials will vary in form, depending uponthe test equipment and the dimensions of the material to betested
22、. Prepare the test specimens in a manner to adequatelyrepresent the areas being sampled. Standard forms include flatstrips, rings, bars, and links in accordance with the followingpractices.7.1.1 Flat Strips:7.1.1.1 Except when otherwise established by mutual agree-ment between the producer and the p
23、urchaser, the Epstein testspecimen shall be the standard specimen for determination ofthe magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels.7.1.1.2 Standard Epstein test specimens shall be composedof test strips preferably cut from test sheets in a manner shownin Fig. 1 (a) or (b). One half of th
24、e strips are cut parallel to andthe other half cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling.7.1.1.3 If the width of the material does not permit cuttingof strips perpendicular to the rolling direction, or, if thematerial has preferred properties in any one direction withrespect to the direction of
25、rolling, or, if the material is to beused with the flux in any one direction, all of the strips may becut in a specified direction which shall be agreed upon by theproducer and the purchaser. All lengthwise strips may beselected as shown in Fig. 1 (c).7.1.1.4 When fewer than the total number of stri
26、ps obtainedfrom the sampled area are needed for the test specimen, theexcess strips should be discarded equally from all locations inthe sampled area. For instance, if approximately14 of the totalstrips obtained is excess, every fourth strip should be dis-carded.7.1.1.5 The Epstein test specimen sha
27、ll consist of stripssheared or punched in a width of 3.00 cm 30.0 mm and notless than 28.0 cm 280 mm long. If for ease of assembling thespecimen in the test frame, it is desired to use strips slightlylonger than 28.0 cm 280 mm, a length of 30.5 cm 305 mmis recommended.7.1.1.6 Test strips shall be ne
28、arly rectangular as possible andshall conform to the specified dimensions within 60.08 cm0.8 mm.7.1.1.7 Test strips shall be cut with sharp shears or dies toavoid excessive burring or distortion.7.1.1.8 Reports of test shall state specifically the manner inwhich the test strips were cut if other tha
29、n one half parallel andthe other half perpendicular to the direction of rolling.7.1.2 Rings:7.1.2.1 Ring specimen may be punched, laser cut, spirallywound, forged, machined, sintered, or cast. The specimensshall be of uniform radial width and cross-sectional area. TheyFIG. 1 Suggested Distribution o
30、f Strips To Be Cut from Sheets for Magnetic TestsA34/A34M 06 (2012)2shall be continuous, having no joints or welds except wherespecified or established by mutual agreement.7.1.2.2 The ratio of mean diameter to radial width shall notbe less than 10:1.7.1.2.3 Sharp dies or shears shall be used in the
31、preparationof ring specimens of flat-rolled sheet material.7.1.2.4 If the radial width of punched rings is less than3.0 cm 30 mm, work-hardened portions shall be removedbefore testing by a heat treatment practice acceptable to boththe producer and the purchaser. Spirally wound cores must alsobe heat
32、 treated before testing.7.1.3 Bars:7.1.3.1 Bar or rod specimens may be rolled, forged,machined, or cast. They shall be straight and of uniform crosssection and of sufficient size to meet the requirements of thetesting equipment used.7.1.4 Links:7.1.4.1 Link specimens have the shape of a ring, flatte
33、ned toform semicircular ends and straight, parallel sides. The semi-circular parts of a link shall have a ratio of mean diameter toradial width not less than 10:1.8. Uniformity of Test Specimens8.1 The cross section of the test specimens shall be asuniform along the magnetic path length as commercia
34、l practicepermits.Any deviation from uniformity shall be as agreed uponbetween the producer and purchaser. Specimens shall beprepared and heat treated without warping. Cast specimensshall be machined or ground to a cross section uniform within1 % unless otherwise agreed upon between the producer and
35、the purchaser.9. Cross-Sectional Area of Test Specimens9.1 Density MethodThe cross-sectional area shall be cal-culated from measurements of weight and length using adensity value in accordance with Section 10. This method shallbe used for the following specimen types:9.1.1 Epstein strips.9.1.2 Lamin
36、ated stacks of rings or other shapes.9.1.3 Spirally wound strip, tape, and wire cores.9.1.4 Shaped bar and wire of a cross section not accuratelymeasurable with a micrometer or calipers.9.2 Direct MeasurementThe cross-sectional area shall becalculated from direct measurements using a micrometer orca
37、liper. This method shall be used for the following specimentypes:9.2.1 Bar and wire.9.2.2 Rings machined from solid samples.9.2.3 Powder metallurgically produced parts.9.2.4 Cast parts.9.2.5 Link specimens.10. Density10.1 For the determination of cross-sectional area of lami-nated or spirally wound
38、test specimens, a calculation based onlength, weight, and density is more accurate than measureddimensions.10.1.1 Table 1 gives typical densities for commercial softmagnetic alloys.10.2 Electrical Steels (Customary Units):10.2.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-tween density and sil
39、icon content or silicon and aluminumcontent, both in weight percent, is given by the equation: 5 7.865 2 0.065 percent silicon 11.7 3percent aluminum! (1)where: = density, g/cm3.10.3 Electrical Steels (SI Units) :10.3.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-tween density and silicon cont
40、ent or silicon and aluminumcontent, both in weight percent, is given by the equation: 5 7865 2 65 percent silicon11.7 3percent aluminum! (2)where: = density, kg/m3.10.4 Other MaterialsFor other alloys, the measured den-sity or, if necessary, an estimated value, shall be used. Refer toTABLE 1 Densiti
41、es of Soft Magnetic MaterialsIron Base Alloys Density (g/cm3)ALow carbon magnetic iron 7.8617 % Cr Type 430 stainless 7.6012 % Al-Fe 6.7416 % Al-Fe 6.53Silicon-Iron and Aluminum-Bearing Silicon-Iron Alloys(%Si+1.7%Al) Assumed density(g/cm3)00.62 7.850.631.38 7.801.392.15 7.752.162.92 7.702.933.69 7.
42、653.704.46 7.604.475.23 7.55Nickel-Iron Alloys45 % Ni-Fe 8.1748.5 % Ni-Fe 8.2552 % Ni-Fe 8.3077 % Ni, 2 % Cr, 5 % Cu-Fe 8.5878.5 % Ni-Fe 8.6080 % Ni, 4 % Mo-Fe 8.7480 % Ni, 5 % Mo-Fe 8.77Nickel (99.95 % Ni + Co) 8.90Cobalt-Iron Alloys27 % Co, 0.6 % Cr-Fe 7.9536 % Co-Fe 8.0049 % Co, 2 % V-Fe 8.1249 %
43、 Co-Fe 8.15Cobalt 8.85Amorphous AlloysIron base 7.20Nickel base 7.90Cobalt base 7.59ATo convert density to SI units of kg/m3, multiply by 1000.A34/A34M 06 (2012)3Table 1 or to the appropriate ASTM specification for thedensity to be used in magnetic testing.11. Temperature of Test11.1 All tests shall
44、 be made at 25 6 5C unless agreed uponby the producer and purchaser.12. Inspection and Rejection12.1 If the results of the test of the original specimen fail tomeet the specifications for the properties desired, then twoadditional specimens shall be prepared from the same test lotand tested. If the
45、test results of each of these two additional testspecimens meet the specifications, the test lot shall be ac-cepted. When a report is required, the worst of the two passingretest values shall be reported.13. Keywords13.1 density; electrical steel; magnetic material; magnetictestASTM International ta
46、kes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own r
47、esponsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addre
48、ssed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at t
49、he address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A34/A34M 06 (2012)4
