1、Designation: A 746 03Standard Specification forDuctile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravitysewer pipe
3、centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This speci-fication may be used for pipe with other types of joints, as maybe agreed upon at the time of purchase.1.2 This specification covers trench load design proceduresfor both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximumdepth of cover tables are in
4、cluded for both types of linings.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2847 Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes(Unified Soil Classification System)
5、D 3282 Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixturesfor Highway Construction PurposesE 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE 23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing ofMetallic Materials2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:C104/A21.4 Cement Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipeand F
6、ittings for Water3C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pres-sure Pipe and Fittings3C150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe3C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and TheirAppurtenances2.3 ASCE Standards:Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, No.37, (WCPF Manual of
7、 Practice No. 9). “Design andConstruction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers”42.4 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO T-99 Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammerand a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop3. Terminology3.1 Symbols:Symbols:3.1.1 Aoutside radius of pipe,ft 5D24S
8、in metres 5D2000D3.1.2 aconversion factor, lb/ft2to psi = 144 (kN/m2to kPa=1)3.1.3 B1.5 ft (0.457 m)3.1.4 bEffective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)3.1.5 Csurface load factor, Table 13.1.6 Doutside diameter, in., Table 23.1.7 Emodulus of elasticity, 24 3 106psi (165.5 3 106kPa)3.1.8 E8modulus of soil
9、reaction, psi, Table 33.1.9 Fimpact factor, 1.53.1.10 fdesign bending stress, 48 000 psi (331 3 103kPa)3.1.11 Hdepth of cover, ft (m)3.1.12 Kb bending moment coefficient, Table 33.1.13 Kx deflection coefficient, Table 33.1.14 Pwheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)3.1.15 Pe earth load, psi (kPa)3.1.16 Pt t
10、ruck load, psi (kPa)3.1.17 Pv trench load, psi (kPa) = Pe+ Pt3.1.18 Rreduction factor which takes into account the factthat the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided incarrying the truck load by adjacent parts of the pipe that receivelittle or no load from the wheels, Table 43.1.19 tne
11、t thickness, in. (mm)3.1.20 t1minimum manufacturing thickness, in., t + 0.08,(in mm, t + 2.0)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes andTubes.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published
12、January 2004. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 746 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
13、Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from the American Society of Civil Engineers,1801 Alexander BellDrive, Reston, VA 20191.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
14、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.21 wsoil weight, 120 lb/ft3(18.85 kN/m3)3.1.22 DXdesign deflection, in. (mm),DX 5 0.03 D, or DX 5 0.05 D! for flexible linings4. General Requirements4.1 The pipe shall be ductile iron in accordance with Section9.4.2 Push-on joints shall comply w
15、ith all applicable require-ments of ANSI/AWWA C 111/A21.11.Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the jointdimensions and weights agreed upon at the time of purchase,but in all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of thisspecification.4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall ha
16、ve a nominallength of 18 or 20 ft (5.5 or 6.1 m). A maximum of 20 % of thetotal number of pipe of each size specified in an order may befurnished as much as 24 in. (610 mm) shorter than the nominallaying length, and an additional 10 % may be furnished asmuch as 6 in. (152 mm) shorter than the nomina
17、l laying length.5. Tolerances or Permitted Variations5.1 DimensionsThe spigot end, bell, and socket of thepipe and the accessories shall be gaged with suitable gages atsufficiently frequent intervals to assure that the dimensionscomply with the requirements of this specification. The small-est insid
18、e diameter (ID) of the sockets and the outside diameter(OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges.Other socket dimensions shall be gauged as may be appropri-ate.5.2 Thickness Minus thickness tolerances of pipe shallnot exceed those shown in Table 5.NOTE 1An additional minus toleran
19、ce of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall bepermitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in.(305 mm).5.3 Weight The weight of any single pipe shall not be lessthan the tabulated weight by more than 6 % for pipe 12 in. orsmaller in diameter, or by more than 5 % for pipe larger than12 in
20、. in diameter.TABLE 1 Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved RoadDepthof CoverftPipe Sizein.34681012141618Surface Load FactorC2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.26983 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.20444 0.0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.07
21、36 0.0871 0.1005 0.1136 0.12655 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581 0.0672 0.0761 0.08496 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.06067 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.04538 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.0276 0.0313 0.03509 0.0057 0.006
22、9 0.0099 0.0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.027910 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.022712 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.015914 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.011716 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0
23、080 0.009020 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.005824 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.004028 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.003032 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023Depthof CoverftPipe Sizein.20
24、24 30 36 42 48 54 60 64Surface Load FactorC2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.4437 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.55923 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.46574 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.32775 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.237
25、76 0.0669 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.17817 0.0500 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.13748 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.10889 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.088010 0.0251 0.0299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.057
26、4 0.0644 0.0685 0.072512 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456 0.0486 0.051514 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.038416 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.029720 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0.0181 0.019224 0.0045 0.0053 0
27、.0066 0.0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.013428 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.009932 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076A7460326. Coating and Lining6.1 Outside CoatingThe outside coating for use undernormal conditions shall be an asphaltic coa
28、ting approximately1 mil (0.025 mm) thick. The coating shall be applied to theoutside of all pipe, unless otherwise specified. The finishedcoating shall be continuous and smooth, neither brittle whencold, nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be stronglyadherent to the pipe.6.2 Cement-Mortar
29、LiningsUnless otherwise specified,the lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C 104/A21.4.6.3 Special LiningsFor severely aggressive wastes, othertypes of linings may be available. Such special linings shall bespecified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order.7. Pipe
30、Design7.1 This section covers the design of ductile iron pipe fortrench loads.7.2 Determining the Total Calculated Thickness and Stan-dard Thickness:7.2.1 Determine the trench load, Pv. Table 6 gives the trenchload, including the earth load, Pe, plus the truck load, Pt, for 2.5to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75
31、 m) of cover.7.2.2 Determine the standard laying condition from thedescriptions in Table 3 and select the appropriate table fordiameter-thickness ratios from Tables 7-11. Each table listsdiameter-thickness ratios calculated for both bending anddeflection over a range of trench loads.TABLE 2 Nominal
32、Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile-Iron PipeSize, in.Outside Diameter, in.(mm)Pressure Class150 200 250 300 350Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6
33、.4)8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)10 11.10 (281.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)12 13.20 (335.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)18 19.50 (495.3) . . . .
34、 . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)24 25.80 (655.3) . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)30 32.00 (812.8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12
35、.9) 0.56 (14.2)42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14.5) 0.63 (16.0)48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46 (11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)54 57.56 (1450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3)
36、0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3) 0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)ACalculated thicknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those shown above. Presently these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in thesesizes.A746033TABLE 3 Design Values fo
37、r Standard Laying ConditionsALaying Condition Description E8 psiBBeddingAngle, KbKxFlat-bottom trenchCloose backfill.D150 30 0.235 0.108Flat-bottom trenchCBackfill lightly consolidated to centerlineof pipe.300 45 0.210 0.105Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soilEBackfilllightly consolidated to
38、 top of pipe.400 60 0.189 0.103Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone to depth of18 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compactedto top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent StandardProctor, AASHTO T-99)F500 90 0.157 0.096Pipe bedded in compacted granular material to centerline ofpipe, 4
39、 in. (102 mm) minimum under pipe. CompactedgranularGor selectEmaterial to top of pipe.(Approximately 90 percent Standard Proctor, AASHTOT-99)700 150 0.128 0.085AConsideration of the pipe-zone embedment conditions included in this table may be influenced by factors other than pipe strength. For addit
40、ional information seeANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances.B1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.CFlat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.DFor pipe 14 in. (350 mm) and larger, consideration should be given to use of laying conditions other than Type 1.ELoo
41、se soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks, foreign materials, and frozen earth.FAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Washington D.C. 20001.GGranular materials are defined per AA
42、SHTO Soil Classification System (Classification D 2487), with the exception that gravel bedding and gravel backfill adjacent tothe pipe is limited to 2 in. maximum particle size per ANSI/AWWA C 600.A7460347.2.3 For bending-stress design, enter the column headed“Bending-Stress Design” in the appropri
43、ate table of Tables 7-11,and locate the tabulated trench load Pvnearest to the calculatedPvnearest to the calculated Pvfrom Sec. 7.2.1. (If the calcu-lated Pvis halfway between two tabulated values, use the largerPvvalue.) Select the corresponding D/t value for this Pv. Dividethe pipes outside diame
44、ter D (Table 2) by the D/T value toobtain net thickness t.7.2.4 For deflection design, enter the column headed“ De-flection Design” in the appropriate table of Tables 7-11, andlocate the tabulated trench load Pvnearest to the calculated Pvfrom Sec. 7.2.1. (If the calculated Pvis less than the minimu
45、mPvlisted in the table, design for trench load is not controlled bydeflection and this determination need not be completed.) If thecalculated Pvis halfway between two tabulated values, use thelarger Pvvalue. Select the corresponding D/t1value for this Pv.Divide the pipes outside diameter (Table 2) b
46、y the D/t1valueto obtain minimum manufacturing thickness t1. Deduct 0.08 in.(2.0 mm) service allowance to obtain the thickness t.NOTE 2Service allowance equals 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) for all sizes ofductile-iron pipe.7.2.5 Compare the net thicknesses from 7.2.3 and 7.2.4 andselect the larger of the two.
47、This will be the net thickness, t.7.2.6 Add the service allowance of 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) to thenet thickness, t. The resulting thickness is the minimummanufacturing thickness, t1.7.2.7 Add the casting tolerance from Table 5 to the mini-mum manufacturing thickness, t1. The resulting thickness is thetot
48、al calculated thickness.7.2.8 In specifying and ordering pipe, use the total calcu-lated thickness from Sec. 7.2.7 to select a standard pressure-class thicknesses from Table 2. When the calculated thicknessis between two nominal thicknesses, select the larger of thetwo. When specifying and ordering
49、pipe, use the pressure-classlisted in Table 2 for this nominal thickness.NOTE 3On specific projects, manufacturers may be willing to furnishpipe with thicknesses that fall between standard classes.7.2.9 The appropriate standard pressure class may also bedetermined by using the Design Equations in Sec. 7.4.7.3 Design ExampleCalculate the thickness for 30-in.cement-lined ductile iron pipe bedded in loose soil for aminimum depth of 4 in. (100 mm), backfill lightly consolidatedto the top of pipe, Laying Condition Type 3, under 10 ft (3 m)of c
