1、Designation: A 746 09Standard Specification forDuctile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravitysewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This speci-fication may be used for pipe w
3、ith other types of joints, as maybe agreed upon at the time of purchase.1.2 This specification covers trench load design proceduresfor both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximumdepth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to
4、be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classific
5、ation System)D 3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing ofMetallic Materials2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:C104/A21.4 Cement Mortar Lining f
6、or Ductile-Iron Pipeand Fittings for Water3C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pres-sure Pipe and Fittings3C150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe3C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and TheirAppurtenances2.3 ASCE Standards:Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practic
7、e, No.37, (WCPF Manual of Practice No. 9). “Design andConstruction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers”42.4 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO T-99 Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammerand a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop3. Terminology3.1 Symbols:3.1.1 Aoutside radius
8、 of pipe,ft 5D24Sin metres 5D2000D3.1.2 aconversion factor, lb/ft2to psi = 144 (kN/m2to kPa=1)3.1.3 B1.5 ft (0.457 m)3.1.4 bEffective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)3.1.5 Csurface load factor, Table 13.1.6 Doutside diameter, in., Table 23.1.7 Emodulus of elasticity, 24 3 106psi (165.5 3 106kPa)3.1.8 E
9、8modulus of soil reaction, psi, Table 33.1.9 Fimpact factor, 1.53.1.10 fdesign bending stress, 48 000 psi (331 3 103kPa)3.1.11 Hdepth of cover, ft (m)3.1.12 Kb bending moment coefficient, Table 33.1.13 Kx deflection coefficient, Table 33.1.14 Pwheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)3.1.15 Pe earth load, psi
10、 (kPa)3.1.16 Pt truck load, psi (kPa)3.1.17 Pv trench load, psi (kPa) = Pe+ Pt3.1.18 Rreduction factor which takes into account the factthat the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided incarrying the truck load by adjacent parts of the pipe that receivelittle or no load from the wheels,
11、Table 43.1.19 tnet thickness, in. (mm)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes andTubes.Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edi
12、tion approved in 2003 as A 746 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Na
13、tional Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
14、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE 1 Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved RoadDepthof CoverftPipe Sizein.3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Surface Load FactorC2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.26983 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.20444 0.
15、0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.0736 0.0871 0.1005 0.1136 0.12655 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581 0.0672 0.0761 0.08496 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.06067 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.04538 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.02
16、76 0.0313 0.03509 0.0057 0.0069 0.0099 0.0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.027910 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.022712 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.015914 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.011716 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0
17、.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0080 0.009020 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.005824 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.004028 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.003032 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023
18、Depthof CoverftPipe Sizein.20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 64Surface Load FactorC2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.4437 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.55923 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.46574 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.32775 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1
19、786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.23776 0.0669 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.17817 0.0500 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.13748 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.10889 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.088010 0.0251 0.0
20、299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.0574 0.0644 0.0685 0.072512 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456 0.0486 0.051514 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.038416 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.029720 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0
21、.0181 0.019224 0.0045 0.0053 0.0066 0.0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.013428 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.009932 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076TABLE 2 Nominal Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile-Iron PipeSize, in.Outsid
22、e Diameter, in.(mm)Pressure Class150 200 250 300 350Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)10 11.10 (281.9) . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)12 13.20 (335.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)18 19.50 (495.3) . . . . . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4)
24、0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)24 25.80 (655.3) . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)30 32.00 (812.8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12.9) 0.56 (14.2)42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14
25、.5) 0.63 (16.0)48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46 (11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)54 57.56 (1450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3) 0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3)
26、0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)ACalculated thicknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those shown above. Presently these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in thesesizes.A746092TABLE 3 Design Values for Standard Laying ConditionsALaying Condition Description E8 psiBBeddingAngle
27、, KbKxFlat-bottom trenchCloose backfill.D150 30 0.235 0.108Flat-bottom trenchCBackfill lightly consolidated to centerlineof pipe.300 45 0.210 0.105Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soilEBackfilllightly consolidated to top of pipe.400 60 0.189 0.103Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone
28、to depth of18 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compactedto top of pipe. (Approximately 80 percent StandardProctor, AASHTO T-99)F500 90 0.157 0.096Pipe bedded in compacted granular material to centerline ofpipe, 4 in. (102 mm) minimum under pipe. CompactedgranularGor selectEmaterial to top
29、 of pipe.(Approximately 90 percent Standard Proctor, AASHTOT-99)700 150 0.128 0.085Type “Deep Bury”Pipe bedded to the top of the pipe with angular gradedstone (14 -to112 - in.) or well-graded gravel . Minimumunder pipe. Compact the angular graded stone or well-graded gravel to top of pipe. (Approxim
30、ately 95 percentStandard Proctor, AASHTO T-99)1500 150 0.128 0.085AConsideration of the pipe-zone embedment conditions included in this table may be influenced by factors other than pipe strength. For additional information seeANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and
31、 Their Appurtenances.B1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.CFlat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.DFor pipe 14 in. (350 mm) and larger, consideration should be given to use of laying conditions other than Type 1.ELoose soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks,
32、 foreign materials, and frozen earth.FAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Washington D.C. 20001.GGranular materials are defined per AASHTO Soil Classification System (Classification D 2487), with the exception that gravel beddin
33、g and gravel backfill adjacent tothe pipe is limited to 2 in. maximum particle size per ANSI/AWWA C600.A7460933.1.20 t1minimum manufacturing thickness, in., t + 0.08,(in mm, t + 2.0)3.1.21 wsoil weight, 120 lb/ft3(18.85 kN/m3)3.1.22 DXdesign deflection, in. (mm),DX 5 0.03 D, or DX 5 0.05 D! for flex
34、ible linings4. General Requirements4.1 The pipe shall be ductile iron in accordance with Section9.4.2 Push-on joints shall comply with all applicable require-ments of ANSI/AWWA C 111/A21.11.Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the jointdimensions and weights agreed upon at the time of p
35、urchase,but in all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of thisspecification.4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall have a nominallength of 18 or 20 ft (5.5 or 6.1 m).Amaximum of 20 % of thetotal number of pipe of each size specified in an order may befurnished as much as 24 in. (610 mm
36、) shorter than the nominallaying length, and an additional 10 % may be furnished asmuch as 6 in. (152 mm) shorter than the nominal laying length.5. Tolerances or Permitted Variations5.1 DimensionsThe spigot end, bell, and socket of thepipe and the accessories shall be gaged with suitable gages atsuf
37、ficiently frequent intervals to assure that the dimensionscomply with the requirements of this specification. The small-est inside diameter (ID) of the sockets and the outside diameter(OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges.Other socket dimensions shall be gauged as may be appro
38、pri-ate.5.2 ThicknessMinus thickness tolerances of pipe shall notexceed those shown in Table 5.NOTE 1An additional minus tolerance of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall bepermitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in.(305 mm).5.3 Weight The weight of any single pipe shall not be les
39、sthan the tabulated weight by more than 6 % for pipe 12 in. orsmaller in diameter, or by more than 5 % for pipe larger than12 in. in diameter.6. Coating and Lining6.1 Outside CoatingThe outside coating for use undernormal conditions shall be a shop applied coating approxi-mately 1 mil (0.025 mm) thi
40、ck. The coating shall be applied tothe outside of all pipe, unless otherwise specified. The finishedcoating shall be continuous and smooth, neither brittle whencold, nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be stronglyadherent to the pipe.6.2 Cement-Mortar LiningsUnless otherwise specified,the
41、lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C 104/A21.4.6.3 Special LiningsFor severely aggressive wastes, othertypes of linings may be available. Such special linings shall bespecified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order.7. Pipe Design7.1 Step 1Design for trench load
42、.7.1.1 Determine the trench load, Pv. Table 6 gives the trenchload, including the earth load, Pe, plus the truck load, Pt, for 2.5to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75 m) of cover.7.1.2 Determine the standard laying condition from thedescriptions in Table 3 and select the appropriate table fordiameter-thickness ra
43、tios from Tables 7-12. Each table listsdiameter-thickness ratios calculated for both bending anddeflection over a range of trench loads.TABLE 4 Reduction Factors (R) for Truck Load CalculationsSize, in.Depth of Cover, ft (m)7 to 10(2.4 to 3.0)10 (3.0)Reduction Factor3 to 12 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0014 0.9
44、2 1.00 1.00 1.0016 0.88 0.95 1.00 1.0018 0.85 0.90 1.00 1.0020 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.0024 to 30 0.81 0.85 0.95 1.0036 to 64 0.80 0.85 0.90 1.00TABLE 5 Allowances for Casting ToleranceSize, in. Casting Tolerance, in. (mm)38 0.05 (1.3)1012 0.06 (1.5)1442 0.07 (1.8)48 0.08 (2.0)5464 0.09 (2.3)A746094TABLE 6
45、 Earth Loads (Pe) Truck Loads (Pt) and Trench Loads (Pv), psiADepth ofCover, ft (m)Pe3-in. Pipe 4-in. Pipe 6-in. Pipe 8-in. Pipe 10-in. Pipe 12-in. Pipe 14-in. Pipe 16-in. Pipe 18-in. Pipe 20-in. PipePtPvPtPvPtPvPtPvPtPvPtPvPtPvPtPvPtPvPtPv2.5 (0.8) 2.1 9.9 12.0 9.9 12.0 9.9 12.0 9.8 11.9 9.7 11.8 9
46、.6 11.7 8.7 10.8 8.2 10.3 7.8 9.9 7.5 9.63 (0.9) 2.5 7.4 9.9 7.4 9.9 7.3 9.8 7.3 9.8 7.2 9.7 7.2 9.7 6.6 9.1 6.2 8.7 5.9 8.4 5.7 8.24 (1.2) 3.3 4.4 7.7 4.5 7.8 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.4 7.7 4.1 7.4 3.9 7.2 3.9 7.25 (1.5) 4.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 7.2 3.0 7.2 2.9 7.1 2.9 7.1 2.9 7.1 2.8 7.0 2
47、.6 6.8 2.6 6.86 (1.8) 5.0 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.1 7.1 2.0 7.0 1.9 6.9 1.9 6.97 (2.1) 5.8 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.6 7.4 1.5 7.3 1.4 7.2 1.4 7.28 (2.4) 6.7 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.2 7.9 1.1 7.89 (2.7) 7.5 1
48、.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 1.0 8.5 0.9 8.410 (3.0) 8.3 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.8 9.1 0.7 9.012 (3.7) 10.0 0.6 10.6 0.6 10.6 0.6 10.6 0.6 10.6 0.5 10.5 0.5 10.5 0.5 10.5 0.5 10.5 0.5 10.5 0.5 10.514 (4.3) 11.7 0.4 12.1 0.4
49、12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.1 0.4 12.116 (4.9) 13.3 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.6 0.3 13.620 (6.1) 16.7 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.9 0.2 16.924 (7.3) 20.0 0.2 20.2 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.1 0.1 20.128 (8.5) 23.3 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.4 0.1 23.432 (9.8) 26.7 0.1 26.8 0.1 26.8 0.1 26.8 0.1 26.8 0
