1、Designation: A746 09 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forDuctile Iron Gravity Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A746; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers 4 to 64-in. ductile iron gravitysewer pipe centrifugally cast with push-on joints. This speci-fication may be
3、 used for pipe with other types of joints, as maybe agreed upon at the time of purchase.1.2 This specification covers trench load design proceduresfor both cement-lined pipe and flexible-lined pipe. Maximumdepth of cover tables are included for both types of linings.1.3 The values stated in inch-pou
4、nd units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified
5、 Soil Classification System)D3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-tallic Materials2.2 ANSI/AWWA Standards:C104/A21.4 Cement
6、 Mortar Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipeand Fittings for Water3C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for Ductile-Iron Pres-sure Pipe and Fittings3C150/A21.50 Thickness Design of Ductile-Iron Pipe3C600 Installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and TheirAppurtenances2.3 ASCE Standards:Manuals and Reports on Eng
7、ineering Practice, No.37, (WCPF Manual of Practice No. 9). “Design andConstruction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers”42.4 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO T-99 Standard Method of Test for the Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammerand a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop3. Terminology3.1 Symbols:3.1.1
8、 Aoutside radius of pipe,ft 5D24Sin metres 5D2000D3.1.2 aconversion factor, lb/ft2to psi = 144 (kN/m2to kPa=1)3.1.3 B1.5 ft (0.457 m)3.1.4 bEffective pipe length: 36 in. (0.914 m)3.1.5 Csurface load factor, Table 13.1.6 Doutside diameter, in., Table 23.1.7 Emodulus of elasticity, 24 106psi (165.5 10
9、6kPa)3.1.8 Emodulus of soil reaction, psi, Table 33.1.9 Fimpact factor, 1.53.1.10 fdesign bending stress, 48 000 psi (331 103kPa)3.1.11 Hdepth of cover, ft (m)3.1.12 Kb bending moment coefficient, Table 33.1.13 Kx deflection coefficient, Table 33.1.14 Pwheel load, 16 000 lb (7257 kg)3.1.15 Pe earth
10、load, psi (kPa)3.1.16 Pt truck load, psi (kPa)3.1.17 Pv trench load, psi (kPa) = Pe+ Pt3.1.18 Rreduction factor which takes into account the factthat the part of the pipe directly below the wheels is aided in1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is t
11、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.12 on Pipes andTubes.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A746 09. DOI:10.1520/A0746-09R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
12、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4A
13、vailable from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1TABLE 1 Surface Load Factors for Single Truck on Unpaved RoadDeptho
14、f CoverftPipe Sizein.3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Surface Load FactorC2.5 0.0589 0.0713 0.1020 0.1328 0.1615 0.1901 0.2178 0.2443 0.26983 0.0437 0.0530 0.0759 0.0990 0.1207 0.1424 0.1637 0.1843 0.20444 0.0265 0.0321 0.0460 0.0602 0.0736 0.0871 0.1005 0.1136 0.12655 0.0176 0.0213 0.0306 0.0401 0.0490 0.0581
15、 0.0672 0.0761 0.08496 0.0125 0.0151 0.0217 0.0284 0.0348 0.0413 0.0478 0.0542 0.06067 0.0093 0.0113 0.0162 0.0212 0.0260 0.0308 0.0357 0.0405 0.04538 0.0072 0.0087 0.0125 0.0164 0.0201 0.0238 0.0276 0.0313 0.03509 0.0057 0.0069 0.0099 0.0130 0.0160 0.0190 0.0219 0.0249 0.027910 0.0046 0.0056 0.0081
16、 0.0106 0.0130 0.0154 0.0179 0.0203 0.022712 0.0032 0.0039 0.0056 0.0074 0.0091 0.0108 0.0125 0.0142 0.015914 0.0024 0.0029 0.0042 0.0055 0.0067 0.0080 0.0092 0.0105 0.011716 0.0018 0.0022 0.0032 0.0042 0.0051 0.0061 0.0071 0.0080 0.009020 0.0012 0.0014 0.0020 0.0027 0.0033 0.0039 0.0045 0.0052 0.00
17、5824 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0023 0.0027 0.0032 0.0036 0.004028 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0017 0.0020 0.0023 0.0026 0.003032 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0020 0.0023Depthof CoverftPipe Sizein.20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 64Surface Load FactorC2.5 0.2941 0.3390 0.3962 0.443
18、7 0.4813 0.5115 0.5366 0.5488 0.55923 0.2237 0.2602 0.3085 0.3507 0.3857 0.4153 0.4412 0.4543 0.46574 0.1391 0.1635 0.1972 0.2284 0.2559 0.2808 0.3040 0.3164 0.32775 0.0936 0.1106 0.1347 0.1576 0.1786 0.1982 0.2173 0.2278 0.23776 0.0669 0.0793 0.0970 0.1143 0.1304 0.1458 0.1612 0.1698 0.17817 0.0500
19、 0.0594 0.0730 0.0863 0.0988 0.1111 0.1235 0.1306 0.13748 0.0387 0.0461 0.0567 0.0672 0.0773 0.0871 0.0973 0.1031 0.10889 0.0309 0.0367 0.0453 0.0538 0.0620 0.0700 0.0784 0.0833 0.088010 0.0251 0.0299 0.0370 0.0440 0.0507 0.0574 0.0644 0.0685 0.072512 0.0176 0.0210 0.0259 0.0309 0.0357 0.0405 0.0456
20、 0.0486 0.051514 0.0130 0.0155 0.0192 0.0229 0.0265 0.0301 0.0339 0.0362 0.038416 0.0100 0.0119 0.0147 0.0176 0.0204 0.0232 0.0262 0.0279 0.029720 0.0064 0.0076 0.0095 0.0113 0.0131 0.0149 0.0169 0.0181 0.019224 0.0045 0.0053 0.0066 0.0079 0.0091 0.0104 0.0118 0.0126 0.013428 0.0033 0.0039 0.0049 0.
21、0058 0.0067 0.0077 0.0087 0.0093 0.009932 0.0025 0.0030 0.0037 0.0044 0.0052 0.0059 0.0067 0.0071 0.0076TABLE 2 Nominal Thicknesses for Standard Pressure Classes of Ductile-Iron PipeSize, in.Outside Diameter, in.(mm)Pressure Class150 200 250 300 350Nominal Thickness, in. (mm)3 3.96 (100.6) . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)4 4.80 (121.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)6 6.90 (175.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)8 9.05 (229.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25A(6.4)10 11.10 (281.9) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.26 (6.6)12 13.20 (335.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 (7.1)14 15.30 (388.6) . . . . .
23、 . 0.28 (7.1) 0.30 (7.6) 0.31 (7.9)16 17.40 (442.0) . . . . . . 0.30 (7.6) 0.32 (8.1) 0.34 (8.6)18 19.50 (495.3) . . . . . . 0.31 (7.9) 0.34 (8.6) 0.36 (9.1)20 21.60 (548.6) . . . . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.36 (9.1) 0.38 (9.7)24 25.80 (655.3) . . . 0.33 (8.4) 0.37 (9.4) 0.40 (10.2) 0.43 (10.9)30 32.00 (812.
24、8) 0.34 (8.6) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.45 (11.4) 0.49 (12.4)36 38.30 (972.8) 0.38 (9.7) 0.42 (10.7) 0.47 (11.9) 0.51 (12.9) 0.56 (14.2)42 44.50 (1130.3) 0.41 (10.4) 0.47 (11.9) 0.52 (13.2) 0.57 (14.5) 0.63 (16.0)48 50.80 (1290.3) 0.46 (11.7) 0.52 (13.2) 0.58 (14.7) 0.64 (16.3) 0.70 (17.8)54 57.56 (1
25、450.3) 0.51 (12.9) 0.58 (14.7) 0.65 (16.5) 0.72 (18.3) 0.79 (20.1)60 61.61 (1564.9) 0.54 (13.7) 0.61 (15.5) 0.68 (17.3) 0.76 (19.3) 0.83 (21.1)64 65.67 (1668.0) 0.56 (14.2) 0.64 (16.3) 0.72 (18.3) 0.80 (20.3) 0.87 (22.1)ACalculated thicknesses for these sizes and pressure ratings are less than those
26、 shown above. Presently these are the lowest nominal thicknesses available in thesesizes.A746 09 (2014)2TABLE 3 Design Values for Standard Laying ConditionsALaying Condition Description E psiBBeddingAngle, KbKxFlat-bottom trenchCloose backfill.D150 30 0.235 0.108Flat-bottom trenchCBackfill lightly c
27、onsolidated to centerlineof pipe.300 45 0.210 0.105Pipe bedded in 4-in. (102 mm) min loose soilEBackfilllightly consolidated to top of pipe.400 60 0.189 0.103Pipe bedded in sand, gravel, or crushed stone to depth of18 pipe diameter, 4-in. (102 mm) min. Backfill compactedto top of pipe. (Approximatel
28、y 80 percent StandardProctor, AASHTO T-99)F500 90 0.157 0.096Pipe bedded in compacted granular material to centerline ofpipe, 4 in. (102 mm) minimum under pipe. CompactedgranularGor selectEmaterial to top of pipe.(Approximately 90 percent Standard Proctor, AASHTOT-99)700 150 0.128 0.085Type “Deep Bu
29、ry”Pipe bedded to the top of the pipe with angular gradedstone (14 -to112 - in.) or well-graded gravel . Minimumunder pipe. Compact the angular graded stone or well-graded gravel to top of pipe. (Approximately 95 percentStandard Proctor, AASHTO T-99)1500 150 0.128 0.085AConsideration of the pipe-zon
30、e embedment conditions included in this table may be influenced by factors other than pipe strength. For additional information seeANSI/AWWA C600, Standard for installation of Ductile-Iron Water Mains and Their Appurtenances.B1 psi = 6.894757 kPa.CFlat-bottom is defined as undisturbed earth.DFor pip
31、e 14 in. (350 mm) and larger, consideration should be given to use of laying conditions other than Type 1.ELoose soil or select material is defined as native soil excavated from the trench, free of rocks, foreign materials, and frozen earth.FAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation O
32、fficials, 444 N. Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 225, Washington D.C. 20001.GGranular materials are defined per AASHTO Soil Classification System (Classification D2487), with the exception that gravel bedding and gravel backfill adjacent to thepipe is limited to 2 in. maximum particle size per ANSI/AWWA
33、 C600.A746 09 (2014)3carrying the truck load by adjacent parts of the pipe that receivelittle or no load from the wheels, Table 43.1.19 tnet thickness, in. (mm)3.1.20 t1minimum manufacturing thickness, in., t + 0.08,(in mm, t + 2.0)3.1.21 wsoil weight, 120 lb/ft3(18.85 kN/m3)3.1.22 Xdesign deflectio
34、n, in. (mm),X 5 0.03 D#,orX 5 0.05 D! for flexible linings#4. General Requirements4.1 The pipe shall be ductile iron in accordance with Section9.4.2 Push-on joints shall comply with all applicable require-ments of ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11.Pipe with other types of joints shall comply with the jointdimen
35、sions and weights agreed upon at the time of purchase,but in all other respects shall fulfill the requirements of thisspecification.4.3 Unless otherwise specified, pipe shall have a nominallength of 18 or 20 ft (5.5 or 6.1 m).Amaximum of 20 % of thetotal number of pipe of each size specified in an o
36、rder may befurnished as much as 24 in. (610 mm) shorter than the nominallaying length, and an additional 10 % may be furnished asmuch as 6 in. (152 mm) shorter than the nominal laying length.5. Tolerances or Permitted Variations5.1 DimensionsThe spigot end, bell, and socket of thepipe and the access
37、ories shall be gaged with suitable gages atsufficiently frequent intervals to assure that the dimensionscomply with the requirements of this specification. The small-est inside diameter (ID) of the sockets and the outside diameter(OD) of the spigot ends shall be tested with circular gauges.Other soc
38、ket dimensions shall be gauged as may be appropri-ate.5.2 ThicknessMinus thickness tolerances of pipe shall notexceed those shown in Table 5.NOTE 1An additional minus tolerance of 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall bepermitted along the barrel of the pipe for a distance not to exceed 12 in.(305 mm).5.3 Weight
39、The weight of any single pipe shall not be lessthan the tabulated weight by more than 6 % for pipe 12 in. orsmaller in diameter, or by more than 5 % for pipe larger than12 in. in diameter.6. Coating and Lining6.1 Outside CoatingThe outside coating for use undernormal conditions shall be a shop appli
40、ed coating approxi-mately 1 mil (0.025 mm) thick. The coating shall be applied tothe outside of all pipe, unless otherwise specified. The finishedcoating shall be continuous and smooth, neither brittle whencold, nor sticky when exposed to the sun, and shall be stronglyadherent to the pipe.6.2 Cement
41、-Mortar LiningsUnless otherwise specified,the lining shall be cement-mortar in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4.6.3 Special LiningsFor severely aggressive wastes, othertypes of linings may be available. Such special linings shall bespecified in the invitation for bids and on the purchase order.7
42、. Pipe Design7.1 Step 1Design for trench load.7.1.1 Determine the trench load, Pv. Table 6 gives thetrench load, including the earth load, Pe, plus the truck load, Pt,for 2.5 to 32 ft (0.76 to 9.75 m) of cover.7.1.2 Determine the standard laying condition from thedescriptions in Table 3 and select t
43、he appropriate table fordiameter-thickness ratios from Tables 7-12. Each table listsdiameter-thickness ratios calculated for both bending anddeflection over a range of trench loads.7.1.3 Refer to the column headed “ Bending-Stress Design”in the appropriate table of Tables 7-12, and locate the tabula
44、tedtrench load Pvfrom Sec. 7.1.1. If the calculated Pvis halfwaybetween two tabulated values, use the larger Pvvalue. Selectthe corresponding D/t value for this Pv. Divide the pipesoutside diameter D (Table 2)bytheD/t value to obtain the netthickness t required for bending stress design.7.2 Step 2Ad
45、dition of service allowance.7.2.1 Add the service allowance of 0.08 in. (2.0 mm) to thenet thickness t. The resulting thickness is the minimumthickness t1.TABLE 4 Reduction Factors (R) for Truck Load CalculationsSize, in.Depth of Cover, ft (m)7 to 10(2.4 to 3.0)10 (3.0)Reduction Factor3 to 12 1.00 1
46、.00 1.00 1.0014 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.0016 0.88 0.95 1.00 1.0018 0.85 0.90 1.00 1.0020 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.0024 to 30 0.81 0.85 0.95 1.0036 to 64 0.80 0.85 0.90 1.00TABLE 5 Allowances for Casting ToleranceSize, in. Casting Tolerance, in. (mm)38 0.05 (1.3)1012 0.06 (1.5)1442 0.07 (1.8)48 0.08 (2.0)5464 0.09
47、(2.3)A746 09 (2014)47.3 Step 3Check deflection.7.3.1 Refer to the column headed “Deflection Check” in theappropriate table of Tables 7-12 and locate the tabulated trenchload Pvfrom 7.1.1. If the calculated Pvis between twotabulated values, use the larger Pvvalue. (If the calculated Pvis less than th
48、e minimum Pvlisted in the table, the deflectiondoes not govern proceed to Step 4). Select the correspondingD/t1value for this Pv. Divide the pipes outside diameter D(Table 2)bytheD/t1value to obtain the minimum thickness t1required for deflection. Compare this value to the requiredminimum thickness
49、t1from 7.2.1.Ifthet1required fordeflection is less than the t1from 7.2.1, then deflection does notgovern proceed to Step 4. If the t1required for deflection isgreater than the t1from 7.2.1, then deflection governs and theminimum thickness t1required for deflection should be used inStep 4.7.4 Step 4Add the casting allowance.7.4.1 Add the casting allowance from Table 5 to theminimum manufacturing thickness t1. The resulting thicknessis the total calculated thickness.7.5 Step 5Selection of nominal thickness and sta
