1、Designation: B988 13Standard Specification forPowder Metallurgy (PM) Titanium and Titanium AlloyStructural Components1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B988; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) struc-tural components fabricated from:1.1.1 Commercially pure (
3、CP) (that is, unalloyed) titaniumpowder,1.1.2 Pre-alloyed powders.1.1.3 Mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemen-tal powders and pre-alloyed powders.1.2 This specification covers:1.2.1 Grade 1 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.2 Grade 2 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.3 Grade 3 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.4
4、 Grade 4 PMUnalloyed titanium,1.2.5 Grade 5 PMTitanium alloy (6% aluminum, 4%vanadium),1.2.6 Grade 9 PMTitanium alloy (3% aluminum, 2.5%vanadium),1.2.7 Ti-6Al-4V PM Low Interstitial (LI),1.2.8 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn PM.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. No other units of mea
5、surement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory li
6、mitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent PorosityB348 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Barsand BilletsB923 Test Method for Metal
7、 Powder Skeletal Density byHelium or Nitrogen PycnometryB962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or SinteredPowder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using ArchimedesPrincipleE8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-terialsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conf
8、ormance with SpecificationsE539 Test Method forAnalysis of TitaniumAlloys by X-RayFluorescence SpectrometryE1409 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitro-gen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by the Inert GasFusion TechniqueE1447 Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Tita-nium and Tita
9、nium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion ThermalConductivity/Infrared Detection MethodE1941 Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refrac-tory and Reactive Metals and TheirAlloys by CombustionAnalysisE2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and TitaniumAlloys by Atomic Emission Plasma Spectrometry (Wit
10、h-drawn 2013)3E2626 Guide for Spectrometric Analysis of Reactive andRefractory Metals3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of powder metallurgy termscan be found in Terminology B243.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for components under this specification shouldinclude the following information,
11、or portions of it, as agreedto between purchaser and supplier:4.2 Grade or alloy composition (see Section 6 and Table 1).4.3 Mechanical properties (see Section 8 and Table 2).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the dire
12、ct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.11 on Near Full Density Powder Metallurgy Materials.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published May 2013. DOI: 10.1520/B988-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
13、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Unite
14、d States14.4 Density (see 7.1).4.5 Component description (see Section 9).4.6 Processing route (see Section 5).4.7 Certification (see Section 12).4.8 SamplingSample size for determining chemical com-position will be decided by purchaser and supplier. Methodsfor chemical analysis are referenced in 10.
15、1.1.4.9 Number of tensile tests required as mutually agreedupon by purchaser and supplier.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Structural components may be fabricated from powdersby processing to a near net or net shape with final machiningperformed if required. Powders may include titanium, pre-alloyed
16、titanium alloys, master alloys, and other elementalpowders. The consolidation method shall be sufficient toachieve the final mechanical properties specified. The process-ing method may include any combination of cold compaction(for example, cold isostatic pressing, uniaxial pressing), pow-der roll c
17、ompaction, hot compaction (for example, hot isostaticpressing, powder forging, and pneumatic isostatic forging),sintering, and heat treatment.6. Chemical Composition6.1 Chemical composition shall conform to the require-ments of Table 1. The purchaser may negotiate with thesupplier for other chemical
18、 requirements.6.2 Chemical analysis shall be made in accordance with TestMethods E2371, E1409, E1447, E1941; alternatively, TestMethod E539, or any other standard method mutually agreedupon between the purchaser and supplier. Alternative tech-niques are discussed in Guide E2626.7. Physical Propertie
19、s7.1 DensityThis specification covers high-and full-densityparts with no interconnected porosity.7.2 Minimum density shall be sufficient to meet the me-chanical properties of Table 2 or as specified in the purchaseorder or contract.7.3 Density shall be determined in accordance with TestMethods B311,
20、 B923,orB962.NOTE 1Refer to Refs (1-11)4for supplemental material propertyinformation.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Chemical Composition RequirementsANOTE 1Additional compositions may be added with future revisions.Composition
21、, Weight % N, max C, max H, max Fe O, max Al V Sn Cu Cr NbResidualmax ea.Grade 1 PM 0.03 0.08 0.015 0.20 max 0.18 0.1Grade 2 PM 0.03 0.08 0.015 0.30 max 0.25 0.1Grade 3 PM 0.05 0.08 0.015 0.30 max 0.35 0.1Grade 4 PM 0.05 0.08 0.015 0.50 max 0.40 0.1Grade 5 PM (Ti-6Al-4V) 0.05 0.08 0.015 0.40 max 0.3
22、0 5.506.75 3.504.50 0.1Grade 9 PM (Ti-3Al-2.5V) 0.03 0.08 0.015 0.25 max 0.30 2.503.50 2.003.00 0.1Ti-6Al-4V, LIB0.03 0.08 0.0125 0.25 max 0.20 5.506.75 3.504.50 0.1Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 0.04 0.1 0.015 0.351.0 0.30 5.06.0 5.06.0 1.52.5 0.351.0 0.1AFor the purpose of determining conformance with this specifi
23、cation, measured values shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressingthe specification limit in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. The specified elements of the chemical composition for the Grades in Table 1 referencethe chemical composition
24、s from Specification B348.BLI = low interstitial.TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsAClassification(PM designation)Yield Strength(0.2% Offset) (min)MPaTensile Strength(min)MPaElongationin 25 mm, %(min)Reductionin Area, %(min)Grade 1 PM100 138 240 24 30Grade 1 PM90 124 216 22 27Grade 2 PM100 275 345 20 30Gr
25、ade 2 PM90 248 311 18 27Grade 3 PM100 380 450 20 30Grade 3 PM90 342 405 18 27Grade 4 PM100 483 550 18 30Grade 4 PM90 435 495 16 27Grade 5 PM100 828 895 10 25Grade 5 PM90 745 806 9 23Grade 9 PM100 483 620 15 25Grade 9 PM90 435 558 14 23Ti-6Al-4V LI PM100 759 828 10 15Ti-6Al-4V LI PM90 683 745 9 14Ti-
26、6Al-6V-2Sn PM100 883 958 13 13Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn PM90 795 862 12 12APM100 denotes equivalence to Specification B348 tensile properties, and PM90 denotes 90% of Specification B348 tensile properties.B988 1328. Mechanical Properties8.1 Tensile tests shall be performed using standardized testbars in accorda
27、nce with Test Methods E8/E8M produced fromthe same lot as the components.8.2 Alternatively, when standardized test bars are notavailable, or when specified by the purchaser, testing may beperformed on material extracted from actual components of thesame lot.NOTE 2Test specimens may be machined from
28、PM parts or blanks.The test results, however, may differ from compacted test specimens.9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations9.1 Dimensions and tolerances of the structural componentsshall be indicated on drawings accompanying the purchaseorder or contract.10. Sampling10.1 Chemical Analysis
29、:10.1.1 A sample from the lot shall be analyzed in accor-dance with Test Methods E2371, E1409, E1447 and E1941.Alternatively, Test Method E539 or any other standard methodmutually agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier maybe used. Definitions of powder metallurgy terms (for example,“lot”) ca
30、n be found in Terminology B243.10.1.2 Compliance to the chemical compositions identifiedin Table 1 is required unless otherwise specified by purchaser.10.2 Mechanical Testing:10.2.1 Compliance to the mechanical properties identifiedin Table 2 is required unless otherwise specified in purchaseorder o
31、r contract. Tensile testing shall be performed in confor-mance with Test Methods E8/E8M. The purchaser and suppliershould determine the number of tensile tests required.10.2.2 Test bars shall be produced by the same processingroute as the components.10.3 Density shall be measured in accordance with
32、TestMethods B311, B923,orB962.11. Inspection11.1 Products will be free of defects that are observable byvisual examination and detrimental to usage, such as seams,laminations, pits, cracks, and surface inclusions.12. Certification12.1 The supplier shall supply at least one copy of the reportcertifyi
33、ng that the material has been manufactured, inspected,sampled and tested in accordance with the requirements of thisspecification, and that the results of chemical analysis, tensile,and other tests meet the requirements of this specification forthe grade specified. When specified in the purchase ord
34、er orcontract, a report of test results shall be furnished.12.2 Basic chemical composition as shown in Table 1 willbe tested and reported. Additional elements will be measuredand reported as requested by purchaser.13. Keywords13.1 CIP; cold isostatic pressing; compaction; HIP; hotisostatic pressing;
35、 PIF; pneumatic isostatic forging; powderforging; powder metallurgy; powder roll compaction; pre-alloyed powder; sinter; structural components; Ti Grade 1; TiGrade 2; Ti Grade 3; Ti Grade 4; Ti-6Al4V; Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn; Ti3Al2.5V; titanium; titanium alloys; titanium powderREFERENCES(1) Froes, F. H. and
36、Williams, J. C., “Titanium Alloys: PowderMetallurgy,” Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering,Vol7, T-Z MIT Press, 1986, pp. 50895094.(2) Titanium and Titanium Alloys Source Book, “Powder Metallurgy,”ASM, 1982, pp. 280288.(3) Metals Handbook Ninth Edition Volume 7 Powder Metallurgy, “Tita-
37、nium Alloys,” ASM 1984, pp. 41, 44, 254, 394, 435, 437, 449, 468,469, 512, 513, and 752.(4) Kubel, E. J., Jr., “Titanium NNS Technology Shaping Up,” AdvancedMaterials and Processes Inc. Metal Progress, February 1987, pp.4650.(5) Abkowitz, S. and Weihrauch, P., “Trimming the Cost of MMCs,”Advanced Ma
38、terials and Processes, July 1989, pp. 3134.(6) Abkowitz, S., Churrus, G. J., Fujishiro, S., Froes, F. H., and Eylon, D.,“Titanium Alloy Shapes from Elemental Blend Powder and Tensileand Fatigue Properties of Low Chloride Compositions,” in Confer-ence Proceedings Titanium Net Shape Technologies, The
39、Metallurgi-cal Society of AIME, Los Angeles, CA, February 1984, pp. 107120.(7) Thellmann, E. L. “Great Potential for Titanium Powder Metallurgy,”Metal Powder Report, Vol 34, No. 6, June 1980, pp. 260261.(8) Brosius, E. S., Malek, J. C., Peter, N. K., and Trzcinski, M. J.,“Blended Elemental Powder Ti
40、tanium for Automotive Applications,”Metal Powder Report, Vol 42, No. 11, November 1987, pp. 768773.(9) Will, R. H. and Paul, O., “Potential Titanium Airframe Applications,”in Powder Metallurgy for High Performance Applications, SyracuseUniversity Press, 1972, pp. 333349.(10) Hanson, A. D., Runkle, J
41、., Widmer, R., and Hebeisen, J., “TitaniumShapes from Elemental Blends,” International Journal of PowderMetallurgy, Vol 26, No. 2, 1990, pp. 157164.(11) Abkowitz, S.M., Abkowitz, S., Fisher, H., and Main, D. H., “Afford-able PM Titanium Microstructures, Properties and Products” inAdvances in Powder Metallurgy or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).B988 134
