1、Designation: C1048 12Standard Specification forHeat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mono-li
3、thic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated anduncoated glass produced on a horizontal tempering systemused in general building construction and other applications.1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a verti-cal t
4、empering system.1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to beregarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 10, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to
5、 address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2,3C162 Term
6、inology of Glass and Glass ProductsC346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsC724 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decora-tions on Architectural-Type GlassC978 Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Re-sidual Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using aPolarizing
7、 Microscope and Optical Retardation Compen-sation ProceduresC1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1203 Test Method for Quantitative Determination of Al-kali Resistance of a Ceramic-Glass EnamelC1279 Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Mea-surement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed,Heat-
8、Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat GlassC1376 Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum DepositionCoatings on Flat GlassE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glassin Buildings2.2 ANSI Standard:Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications and Methods ofTest for Safety Glazing Materials Used in
9、 Buildings42.3 Other Documents:CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for ArchitecturalGlazing Materials53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refer to Terminology C162 and Specification C1036.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bow, nthe d
10、eviation in flatness of a lite of glass,expressed over the entire width or length dimension of theglass or over a smaller, local area (see 10.7 for measurementtechnique). Also known as warp.3.2.2 heat-treated glass, na term used to reference bothheat-strengthened and fully tempered glass.3.2.3 heat-
11、treating, vthe process of heating and coolingannealed glass in a tempering system to produce eitherheat-strengthened or fully tempered glass.3.2.4 thermal stress, nedge stress caused by thermalgradients across the glass surface.4. Classification4.1 KindsFlat glass furnished under this specifications
12、hall be of the following kinds, as specified (see Section 6):1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on FlatGlass.Current edition approved March 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyappr
13、oved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1048 04. DOI:10.1520/C1048-12.2Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue unless otherwisespecified by the authority applying this specification.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM C
14、ustomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036, and the Accredited Standards Committee Z97 web
15、sitein electronic format at .5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.1 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass,e
16、ither transparent or patterned, in accordance with the appli-cable requirements of Specification C1036 as further processedto conform with the requirements hereinafter specified forheat-strengthened glass.4.1.2 Kind FTFully tempered glass shall be flat glass,either transparent or patterned in accord
17、ance with the appli-cable requirements of Specification C1036 as further processedto conform with the requirements hereinafter specified for fullytempered glass.4.2 ConditionsGlass furnished under this specificationshall be of the following conditions, as specified (see Section6):4.2.1 Condition AUn
18、coated surfaces.4.2.2 Condition BFully or partially ceramic coated glass.(See 8.3.)4.2.3 Condition COther coated glass. (See 8.4.)4.3 Types, Classes, Forms, Qualities, and Finishestheseare described in Specification C1036.5. Intended Use5.1 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass is used as architec-tural gl
19、azing when additional resistance to wind pressure orthermal stress, or both, is desired, but the strength or safetybreak pattern of fully tempered glass is not required. Whenbroken, heat-strengthened glass fragments are more similar insize and shape to annealed glass fragments than to fullytempered
20、glass particles, and thus tend to stay in the openinglonger than fully tempered glass particles.NOTE 1Caution: Monolithic heat-strengthened glass is not suitablefor safety glazing as defined by ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR 1201.5.2 Kind FT Fully tempered glass is used in architecturalglazing applicatio
21、ns when significant additional strength isneeded to resist wind pressure or thermal stress, or both. Whenbroken, fully tempered glass fractures (dices) into relativelysmall particles. Fully tempered glass with sufficient surfacecompression to meet the requirements of safety glazing stan-dard CPSC 16
22、 CFR 1201 orANSI Z97.1, or both, is considereda safety glass because it fractures into relatively small piecesthereby greatly reducing the likelihood of serious cutting orpiercing injuries in comparison to ordinary annealed glass. Forsome applications, such as doors used for passage, tub andshower e
23、nclosures and fixed glass in close proximity to awalking surface, fully tempered safety glass is required bybuilding codes and ordinances. Fully tempered safety glass isoften used for other applications where its strength or safetycharacteristics, or both, are desirable such as table tops, counterto
24、ps, show case enclosures, refrigeration and food serviceequipment, furniture, and similar applications.6. Ordering Information6.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permittedin this specification and include the following information inprocurement documents:6.1.1 Number, date, and title
25、of this specification.6.1.2 Kind, condition, type, class, style, form, quality, finish,and pattern of glass as applicable (see Section 4).6.1.3 Fabrication requirements (see 7.1).6.1.4 Requirements for fittings and hardware (see 7.2).6.1.5 Custom design or texture required (see 7.7).6.1.6 Glass thic
26、kness (see 9.1).6.1.7 Pattern-cut glass must be within the tolerances speci-fied (see 9.3).6.1.8 When surface or edge compression test is required forheatstrengthened or fully tempered glass (see 8.1.1).6.1.9 When break safe characteristics are required for fullytempered glass (see 8.1.2).6.1.10 Col
27、or or tint of glass (see 8.2).6.1.11 When either permanent or temporary identificationmarking is required (see Section 11).6.1.12 Surface treatment or coatings for Condition B andCondition C glass (see 8.3 and 8.4).6.1.13 When addition of fallout resistance capability isrequired for Condition A, Con
28、dition B, or Condition C glassesused as spandrels. (Normally achieved by adhering a reinforc-ing material to the glass surface.) (See 10.3.)7. Fabrication7.1 FabricationAll fabrication, such as cutting to overalldimensions, edgework, drilled holes, notching, grinding, sand-blasting, and etching, sha
29、ll be performed before heat-strengthening or tempering and shall be as specified (seeSection 6 and 7.8). After the glass has been heat-strengthenedor tempered, it shall not be modified except as recommendedby the fabricator; for example, some Condition C coatings. Nomodification shall be made that w
30、ill affect its structuralcharacteristics or integrity as specified in this standard.7.2 Fittings and HardwareRequirements for fittings andhardware shall be as specified (see Section 6) or as shown onplans or drawings. Fittings and hardware specified shall becompatible with glass fabrication limitati
31、ons.7.3 Distortion:7.3.1 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass is madeby heating annealed glass in a tempering system to a tempera-ture at which the glass becomes slightly plastic. Immediatelyafter heating, the glass surfaces are rapidly cooled by quench-ing with air. The original flatness of t
32、he glass is slightlymodified by the process, causing reflected images to bedistorted. When viewing images through the glass, the distor-tion, in most glazing applications, is less than that of reflectedimages.7.3.2 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass that hasbeen produced in a horizontal temp
33、ering system may containsurface distortion (for example, picture framing, heat distortionor roller wave distortion). Distortion may be detected whenviewing images reflected from the glass surface.7.3.3 Pressures exerted around the periphery of glass by theglazing system can also alter glass flatness
34、, thereby distortingreflected images. This is true regardless of whether the glass isannealed, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered.7.3.4 Sealed insulating glass units also exhibit distortionregardless of glass type. Air or other gas, sealed in the gapbetween the lites of glass, expands or contracts
35、 with tempera-ture and barometric changes, creating a pressure differentialbetween the sealed gap and the atmosphere. The glass reacts tothe pressure differential by being deflected inward or outward.C1048 1227.3.5 Regardless of glass flatness, the degree of reflecteddistortion perceived is largely
36、due to the characteristics orsymmetry of the object being reflected. Linear objects (such asbuilding curtain walls and telephone poles) and moving objects(such as cars) may appear distorted. Irregular and free-formobjects such as trees and clouds may appear to have lessperceived distortion.7.3.6 Spe
37、cified bow limits may not adequately define, orcontrol, the distortion that may become apparent after glazing.The factors, noted above, may have a larger influence on theperceived reflected distortion than that which is caused by bowfrom the heat-treating process. Consultation with suppliers andthe
38、viewing of full-size mock-ups, under typical job conditionsand surroundings, is highly recommended for evaluation ofreflective distortion.7.4 Strain PatternA strain pattern, also known as irides-cence, is inherent in all heat-strengthened and fully temperedglass. This strain pattern may become visib
39、le under certainlighting and other conditions. It is a characteristic of heat-treated glass and should not be mistaken as discoloration,non-uniform tint or color, or a defect in the glass. The strainpattern does not affect any physical properties or performancevalues of the glass.7.5 Surface Particl
40、esThe production of heat-strengthenedand fully tempered glass involves the transport of very hotglass on conveyor rollers.As a result of this soft glass-to-rollercontact, some glass surface changes will occur. Minute par-ticles (fines), typically invisible to the naked eye, may adhereto one or both
41、glass surfaces.These surface particles may occurfrom a variety of sources including, but not limited to, the glasscutting and edging process, typical manufacturing plant air-borne debris or dust, refractory particles from the furnace roof,and external airborne dirt and grit carried into the plant by
42、 thelarge volumes of quench air used in the process. Particles onthe furnace rollers may be picked up by the hot bottom surfaceof the glass as it travels over the particles. Surface particlesinvisible to the naked eye are inherent in the heat-treatingprocess and are not a cause for rejection.7.6 Res
43、istance to Wind LoadThe support system and theamount of glass deflection for a given set of wind-loadconditions shall be considered for design purposes. Consult themanufacturer to determine the appropriate thickness of heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass needed to satisfy thedesign wind load a
44、nd probability of breakage design factor forthe required glass in accordance with Practice E1300.7.7 Special Surfaces, Types I or IICustom designs ortextures shall be as specified (see 6.1.5) or as shown on plansor drawings.7.8 Fabrication GuidelinesHeat-strengthened and fullytempered flat glass can
45、not be cut after the heat-treating process.Fabrication altering the glass surface, thickness, or edges shallbe performed before heat-treating to avoid a reduction of glassstrength.7.8.1 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass can befurnished with holes, notches, cutouts, and bevels. Fabricationin
46、volving other methods of modification should be discussedwith the fabricator/manufacturer.7.8.2 Placement of Holes:7.8.2.1 The minimum distance from any edge of the glass tothe nearest point on the rim of a hole shall be 6 mm (14 in.) or2 times the thickness of the glass, whichever is greater (see F
47、ig.1).7.8.2.2 The minimum distance between the rims of adjoin-ing holes shall be 10 mm (38 in.) or 2 times the thickness ofglass, whichever is greater (see Fig. 1).7.8.2.3 Holes near corners shall be located so that thenearest edge of the hole is a minimum of 6.5 times thethickness of the glass from
48、 the tip of the corner when the corneris 90 or more (see Fig. 2).7.8.3 Minimum Dimension of HolesCircular holes shallhave a minimum diameter of 6 mm (14 in.) or the thickness ofthe glass, whichever is greater. In other than circular holes, anycorners shall have fillets, the radius of which shall be
49、equal toor greater than the thickness of the glass (see Fig. 3).7.8.4 Dimensional Tolerances of Holes:7.8.4.1 Tolerance of hole diameter shall be 61.6 mm (116in.).7.8.4.2 Tolerance for dimensions of hole center from speci-fied edges shall be 61.6 mm (116 in.).7.8.4.3 Tolerance for dimension between hole centers shallbe 61.6 mm (116 in.).7.8.5 Chips and flakes at hole edges shall not exceed 1.6mm (116 in.).7.8.6 Notches and Cutouts:7.8.6.1 Notches and cutouts shall have fillets, the radius ofwhich shall be equal to or greater than the t
