1、Designation: C1048 121Standard Specification forHeat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTESection 9 was updated editorially in November 2012.1. Scope1
3、.1 This specification covers the requirements for mono-lithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated anduncoated glass produced on a horizontal tempering systemused in general building construction and other applications.1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-strengthe
4、ned or fully tempered glass manufactured on a verti-cal tempering system.1.3 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to beregarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 10
5、, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to u
6、se.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2,3C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsC724 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decora-tions on Architectural-Type GlassC978 Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Re-sidu
7、al Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using aPolarizing Microscope and Optical Retardation Compen-sation ProceduresC1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1203 Test Method for Quantitative Determination ofAlkaliResistance of a Ceramic-Glass EnamelC1279 Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Mea-s
8、urement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed,Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat GlassC1376 Specification for Pyrolytic and Vacuum DepositionCoatings on Flat GlassE1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass inBuildings2.2 ANSI Standard:Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications a
9、nd Methods ofTest for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings42.3 Other Documents:CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for ArchitecturalGlazing Materials53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in thisspecification, refer to Terminology C162 and SpecificationC1036.3.2 Definitions o
10、f Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bow, nthe deviation in flatness of a lite of glass,expressed over the entire width or length dimension of theglass or over a smaller, local area (see 10.7 for measurementtechnique). Also known as warp.3.2.2 heat-treated glass, na term used to reference bothhea
11、t-strengthened and fully tempered glass.3.2.3 heat-treating, vthe process of heating and coolingannealed glass in a tempering system to produce eitherheat-strengthened or fully tempered glass.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Products and is the di
12、rect responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on FlatGlass.Current edition approved March 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C1048 04. DOI:10.1520/C1048-12E01.2Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue unless otherwisespecifi
13、ed by the authority applying this specification.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available fr
14、om American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036, and the Accredited Standards Committee Z97 websitein electronic format at .5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
15、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 thermal stress, nedge stress caused by thermalgradients across the glass surface.4. Classification4.1 KindsFlat glass furnished under this specificationshall be of the following kinds, as specified (see Section 6):4.1.1
16、 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass,either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the appli-cable requirements of Specification C1036 as further processedto conform with the requirements hereinafter specified forheat-strengthened glass.4.1.2 Kind FTFully tempered glass shall be
17、 flat glass,either transparent or patterned in accordance with the appli-cable requirements of Specification C1036 as further processedto conform with the requirements hereinafter specified for fullytempered glass.4.2 ConditionsGlass furnished under this specificationshall be of the following condit
18、ions, as specified (see Section6):4.2.1 Condition AUncoated surfaces.4.2.2 Condition BFully or partially ceramic coated glass.(See 8.3.)4.2.3 Condition COther coated glass. (See 8.4.)4.3 Types, Classes, Forms, Qualities, and Finishestheseare described in Specification C1036.5. Intended Use5.1 Kind H
19、SHeat-strengthened glass is used as architec-tural glazing when additional resistance to wind pressure orthermal stress, or both, is desired, but the strength or safetybreak pattern of fully tempered glass is not required. Whenbroken, heat-strengthened glass fragments are more similar insize and sha
20、pe to annealed glass fragments than to fullytempered glass particles, and thus tend to stay in the openinglonger than fully tempered glass particles.NOTE 1Caution: Monolithic heat-strengthened glass is not suitablefor safety glazing as defined by ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR 1201.5.2 Kind FTFully tempe
21、red glass is used in architecturalglazing applications when significant additional strength isneeded to resist wind pressure or thermal stress, or both. Whenbroken, fully tempered glass fractures (dices) into relativelysmall particles. Fully tempered glass with sufficient surfacecompression to meet
22、the requirements of safety glazing stan-dard CPSC 16 CFR 1201 orANSI Z97.1, or both, is considereda safety glass because it fractures into relatively small piecesthereby greatly reducing the likelihood of serious cutting orpiercing injuries in comparison to ordinary annealed glass. Forsome applicati
23、ons, such as doors used for passage, tub andshower enclosures and fixed glass in close proximity to awalking surface, fully tempered safety glass is required bybuilding codes and ordinances. Fully tempered safety glass isoften used for other applications where its strength or safetycharacteristics,
24、or both, are desirable such as table tops, countertops, show case enclosures, refrigeration and food serviceequipment, furniture, and similar applications.6. Ordering Information6.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permittedin this specification and include the following information in
25、procurement documents:6.1.1 Number, date, and title of this specification.6.1.2 Kind, condition, type, class, style, form, quality, finish,and pattern of glass as applicable (see Section 4).6.1.3 Fabrication requirements (see 7.1).6.1.4 Requirements for fittings and hardware (see 7.2).6.1.5 Custom d
26、esign or texture required (see 7.7).6.1.6 Glass thickness (see 9.1).6.1.7 Pattern-cut glass must be within the tolerances speci-fied (see 9.3).6.1.8 When surface or edge compression test is required forheatstrengthened or fully tempered glass (see 8.1.1).6.1.9 When break safe characteristics are req
27、uired for fullytempered glass (see 8.1.2).6.1.10 Color or tint of glass (see 8.2).6.1.11 When either permanent or temporary identificationmarking is required (see Section 11).6.1.12 Surface treatment or coatings for Condition B andCondition C glass (see 8.3 and 8.4).6.1.13 When addition of fallout r
28、esistance capability isrequired for Condition A, Condition B, or Condition C glassesused as spandrels. (Normally achieved by adhering a reinforc-ing material to the glass surface.) (See 10.3.)7. Fabrication7.1 FabricationAll fabrication, such as cutting to overalldimensions, edgework, drilled holes,
29、 notching, grinding,sandblasting, and etching, shall be performed before heat-strengthening or tempering and shall be as specified (seeSection 6 and 7.8). After the glass has been heat-strengthenedor tempered, it shall not be modified except as recommendedby the fabricator; for example, some Conditi
30、on C coatings. Nomodification shall be made that will affect its structuralcharacteristics or integrity as specified in this standard.7.2 Fittings and HardwareRequirements for fittings andhardware shall be as specified (see Section 6) or as shown onplans or drawings. Fittings and hardware specified
31、shall becompatible with glass fabrication limitations.7.3 Distortion:7.3.1 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass is madeby heating annealed glass in a tempering system to a tempera-ture at which the glass becomes slightly plastic. Immediatelyafter heating, the glass surfaces are rapidly cooled
32、by quench-ing with air. The original flatness of the glass is slightlymodified by the process, causing reflected images to bedistorted. When viewing images through the glass, thedistortion, in most glazing applications, is less than that ofreflected images.7.3.2 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered
33、glass that hasbeen produced in a horizontal tempering system may containsurface distortion (for example, picture framing, heat distortionor roller wave distortion). Distortion may be detected whenviewing images reflected from the glass surface.C1048 12127.3.3 Pressures exerted around the periphery o
34、f glass by theglazing system can also alter glass flatness, thereby distortingreflected images. This is true regardless of whether the glass isannealed, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered.7.3.4 Sealed insulating glass units also exhibit distortionregardless of glass type. Air or other gas, sealed
35、in the gapbetween the lites of glass, expands or contracts with tempera-ture and barometric changes, creating a pressure differentialbetween the sealed gap and the atmosphere. The glass reacts tothe pressure differential by being deflected inward or outward.7.3.5 Regardless of glass flatness, the de
36、gree of reflecteddistortion perceived is largely due to the characteristics orsymmetry of the object being reflected. Linear objects (such asbuilding curtain walls and telephone poles) and moving objects(such as cars) may appear distorted. Irregular and free-formobjects such as trees and clouds may
37、appear to have lessperceived distortion.7.3.6 Specified bow limits may not adequately define, orcontrol, the distortion that may become apparent after glazing.The factors, noted above, may have a larger influence on theperceived reflected distortion than that which is caused by bowfrom the heat-trea
38、ting process. Consultation with suppliers andthe viewing of full-size mock-ups, under typical job conditionsand surroundings, is highly recommended for evaluation ofreflective distortion.7.4 Strain PatternA strain pattern, also known asiridescence, is inherent in all heat-strengthened and fullytempe
39、red glass. This strain pattern may become visible undercertain lighting and other conditions. It is a characteristic ofheat-treated glass and should not be mistaken as discoloration,non-uniform tint or color, or a defect in the glass. The strainpattern does not affect any physical properties or perf
40、ormancevalues of the glass.7.5 Surface ParticlesThe production of heat-strengthenedand fully tempered glass involves the transport of very hotglass on conveyor rollers.As a result of this soft glass-to-rollercontact, some glass surface changes will occur. Minute par-ticles (fines), typically invisib
41、le to the naked eye, may adhereto one or both glass surfaces.These surface particles may occurfrom a variety of sources including, but not limited to, the glasscutting and edging process, typical manufacturing plant air-borne debris or dust, refractory particles from the furnace roof,and external ai
42、rborne dirt and grit carried into the plant by thelarge volumes of quench air used in the process. Particles onthe furnace rollers may be picked up by the hot bottom surfaceof the glass as it travels over the particles. Surface particlesinvisible to the naked eye are inherent in the heat-treatingpro
43、cess and are not a cause for rejection.7.6 Resistance to Wind LoadThe support system and theamount of glass deflection for a given set of wind-loadconditions shall be considered for design purposes. Consult themanufacturer to determine the appropriate thickness of heat-strengthened or fully tempered
44、 glass needed to satisfy thedesign wind load and probability of breakage design factor forthe required glass in accordance with Practice E1300.7.7 Special Surfaces, Types I or IICustom designs ortextures shall be as specified (see 6.1.5) or as shown on plansor drawings.7.8 Fabrication GuidelinesHeat
45、-strengthened and fullytempered flat glass cannot be cut after the heat-treating process.Fabrication altering the glass surface, thickness, or edges shallbe performed before heat-treating to avoid a reduction of glassstrength.7.8.1 Heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass can befurnished with hole
46、s, notches, cutouts, and bevels. Fabricationinvolving other methods of modification should be discussedwith the fabricator/manufacturer.7.8.2 Placement of Holes:7.8.2.1 The minimum distance from any edge of the glass tothe nearest point on the rim of a hole shall be 6 mm (14 in.) or2 times the thick
47、ness of the glass, whichever is greater (see Fig.1).7.8.2.2 The minimum distance between the rims of adjoin-ing holes shall be 10 mm (38 in.) or 2 times the thickness ofglass, whichever is greater (see Fig. 1).7.8.2.3 Holes near corners shall be located so that thenearest edge of the hole is a minim
48、um of 6.5 times thethickness of the glass from the tip of the corner when the corneris 90 or more (see Fig. 2).7.8.3 Minimum Dimension of HolesCircular holes shallhave a minimum diameter of 6 mm (14 in.) or the thickness ofthe glass, whichever is greater. In other than circular holes, anycorners sha
49、ll have fillets, the radius of which shall be equal toor greater than the thickness of the glass (see Fig. 3).7.8.4 Dimensional Tolerances of Holes:7.8.4.1 Tolerance of hole diameter shall be 61.6 mm (116in.).7.8.4.2 Tolerance for dimensions of hole center from speci-fied edges shall be 61.6 mm (116 in.).7.8.4.3 Tolerance for dimension between hole centers shallbe 61.6 mm (116 in.).7.8.5 Chips and flakes at hole edges shall not exceed 1.6mm (116 in.).7.8.6 Notches and Cutouts:7.8.6.1 Notches and cutouts shall have fillets, the radi
