1、Designation: C1422/C1422M 10C1422/C1422M 15Standard Specification forChemically Strengthened Flat Glass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1422/C1422M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chemically strengthened glass products that originate from flat glass an
3、d areused in general building construction, transportation, and other specialty applications, such as PC screens, notebooks, tablets,smart phones, and E-readers, as well as copy machine scanners, computer disks, and flat glass screens for television monitors.Techniques such as ion implantation, deal
4、kalization, etch-strengthening, and glaze coatings are specifically excluded.1.2 Classification of chemically strengthened glass products is based on the laboratory measurements of surface (depth ofcompression) compression and case depth and not on the modulus of rupture (MOR). This specification do
5、es not purport to addressend-use performance.1.3 A test method for the measurement of case depth and surface compression is included in Section 8.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact e
6、quivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the
7、user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC978 Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Residual Stress i
8、n a Transparent Glass Matrix Using a PolarizingMicroscope and Optical Retardation Compensation ProceduresC1036 Specification for Flat GlassC1279 Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat GlassF218 Tes
9、t Method for Measuring Optical Retardation and Analyzing Stress in Glass2.2 ANSI Standard:3Z97.12009 Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings-Safety Performance, Specifications and Methods of Tests2.3 Federal Document:4CPSC 16CFR 1201 Consumer Product Safety Commission Safety Standard for Architec
10、tural Glazing Materials3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C162, as appropriate.3.1.2 blemishesRefer to Specification C1036 for flat glass.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 case depthdepth of compression below the surface to the nearest zero stress plane.1
11、 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on Flat Glass.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2015. Published December 2010December 2015. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edi
12、tion approved in 20052010as C142299(2005)C1422/C1422M 10. 1. DOI: 10.1520/C1422_C1422M-10.10.1520/C1422_C1422M-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the
13、 standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330 East West Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814, http:/www.cp
14、sc.gov.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult pr
15、ior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.2 chemically strengthened glassglass
16、which has been strengthened by ion exchange to produce a compressive stress layerat the treated surface.3.2.3 depth of compression (DOC)-see case depth.3.2.4 ion exchange processthe exchange of constituent ions in the glass with externally supplied ions (generally attemperatures near the strain poin
17、t of the glass). This may be accomplished by immersing glass in a molten salt bath or solutionwith or without electric field field, ultrasonic or other assistance, exposing glass to plasma, applying a paste on the glass surface,or contacting glass with molten salts in a furnace.3.2.5 surface compres
18、sionan in-plane stress which tends to compact the atoms in the surface.4. Significance and Use4.1 Chemically strengthened glass is significantly stronger than annealed glass, depending upon the glass composition,strengthening process, level of abrasion, and the application environment. The strengthe
19、ning process does not contributesignificantly to optical distortion.4.2 The chemical strengthening process can effectively strengthen glass of all sizes and shapes and can be useful in cases inwhich glass is too thin, small, or complex-shaped for thermal tempering.4.3 Monolithic chemically strengthe
20、ned glass is not a safety glazing product because its break pattern is similar to that ofannealed glass.When safety glazing is required, chemically strengthened glass shall be laminated in accordance with CPSC 16CFR1201 Cat. I or Cat. II or ANSI Z97.12009.4.4 The very nature of the chemical strength
21、ening process alters the glass surface chemistry. Therefore, the procedures for andthe performance of postprocessing steps, such as laminating and coating, can be different from that of nonchemically strengthenedglass.4.5 Modulus of rupture (MOR), weight gain, and optical methods are other methods u
22、sed for process control in chemicalstrengthening.5. Classification5.1 KindsChemically strengthened glass furnished in accordance with this specification shall be classified on the basis of thesurface compression levels (Level 1-7) and case depth (Levels A-F). These levels Surface compression and cas
23、e depth areindependent of each other. Increasing levels of surface compression permit an increasing amount of flexure. Greater case depthsoffer more protection from strength reduction caused by abuse and abrasion. The thickness of the test specimen shall be reportedwith the surface compression and c
24、ase depth levels. Case depth values may vary on different thicknesses of the same glass typewhich have been manufactured under similar chemical exchange conditions. For classification purposes, all surface compressionand case depth values are to be reported on 3 mm reported, along with the sheet18 i
25、n. thick witness specimensthickness of thewitness specimen in accordance with 8.1.3. See Fig. 1and Fig. 1a.5.1.1 Surface Compression:5.1.1.1 Level 1Surface compression, 7 MPa 1000 psi 172 MPa 25 000 psi.5.1.1.2 Level 2Surface compression, 172 MPa 25 000 psi 345 MPa 50 000 psi.5.1.1.3 Level 3Surface
26、compression, 345 MPa 50 000 psi 517 MPa 75 000 psi.5.1.1.4 Level 4Surface compression, 517 MPa 75 000 psi 690 MPa 100 000 psi.5.1.1.5 Level 5Surface compression, 690 MPa 100 000 psi 862 MPa 125 000 psi.FIG. 1 Slice LocationC1422/C1422M 1525.1.1.6 Level 6Surface compression, 862 MPa 125 000 psi 1034
27、MPa 150 000 psi.5.1.1.7 Level 7Surface compression, 1034 MPa 150 000 psi.5.1.2 Case Depth:5.1.2.1 Level AA1Case depth, 5025 m 0.0020.001 in.5.1.2.2 Level A2Case depth, 25 m and 50 m 0.002 in.5.1.2.3 Level BCase depth, 50 m 0.002 in. and 150 m 0.006 in.5.1.2.4 Level CCase depth, 150 m 0.006 in. and 2
28、50 m 0.010 in.5.1.2.5 Level DCase depth, 250 m 0.010 in. and 350 m 0.014 in.5.1.2.6 Level ECase depth, 350 m 0.014 in. and 500 m 0.020 in.5.1.2.7 Level FCase depth, 500 m 0.020 in.6. Ordering Information6.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permitted in this specification and include th
29、e following information in theprocurement documents:6.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.6.1.2 Glass thickness.6.1.3 Surface compression (see 5.1.1) or minimum acceptable value.6.1.4 Case depth (see 5.1.2) or minimum acceptable value.6.1.5 Fabrication information (see 7.1).7. Fabricat
30、ion7.1 FabricationAfter the glass has been chemically strengthened, it shall only be modified as recommended by the fabricator.No modification shall be made that will affect the surface compression and case depth.7.1.1 ThicknessSubstrates for chemically strengthened glass shall be in accordance with
31、 the thicknesses in SpecificationC1036 andor as specified therein (see Section 6). All thicknesses may not be available. Consult the manufacturer or the fabricator.8. Test Method8.1 Preparation of the Test Specimen:8.1.1 Prepare the test specimens from the same material as the test batch and anneal
32、before chemically strengthening.8.1.2 Protect the edges of the test specimens during the preparation process (slicing, grinding, smoothing).8.1.3 A witness specimen plate having minimum length and width of 25 by 12.5 mm 1 by at 12 in. and having a nominalthickness of 3 mm 0.12 in. a minimum of six t
33、imes the sheet thickness shall be processed. Both the large flat faces of the specimenshall have the as-fabricated condition.After the chemical strengthening process, slice a section from this specimen perpendicularlyat least 2 mm 0.08 in. away from the ends (see Fig. 1). The thickness (height) of t
34、his section between parallel faces slice thicknessshall not exceed 43 mm, which allows for grinding and polishing loss.5 The recommended range of slice thickness is from 0.10to 3.00 mm (0.04 to 0.12 in). Slice thicknesses at the lower end of this range yield more accurate results. Lightly polish the
35、 sectionslice on its non-chemically strengthened surfaces using conventional ceramographic techniques and use the section examine it forclassification by viewing the optical retardation through its height.the slice thickness.8.2 Apparatus for Measuring of the Surface Stress and Case Depth in a Secti
36、on (Slice): (Slice) Using a Polarizing Microscope:8.2.1 Microscope, used with a minimum objective times eyepiece magnification of 25x. Case depths 50 microns shall use aminimum magnification of 50x.50. The optimum magnification shall be selected based on the case depth.8.2.2 Polarizers, installed in
37、 mutually crossed orientation, aligned at +45 to the symmetry plane of the microscope.8.2.3 Means of Measuring Distances Between the Black Fringe and the Edge, including a fine-graduated reticle or a filarmicrometer eyepiece (specimen fixed to the stage) or a fine reticle (specimen supported on a mi
38、crometer stage). reticle, an eyepiecereticle, or stage micrometer of appropriate resolution.The measuring system must resolve 1 m or 2 % of the case depth, whicheveris greater. If a filar micrometer is used, it must be calibrated using a certified precision scale.8.3 Make the measurement of case dep
39、th from the center of the dark fringes to the nearest fabrication surface using the reticleor the filar eyepiece. Compute the separation between the center of the dark fringe and the nearest surface using the knowncalibration and report as the case depth (see Fig. 2).Measurement of Case Depth:8.3.1
40、Using white light, identify the black fringe representing the transition from mid-plane tension to surface compression.Make the measurement of case depth from the center of that black fringe to the nearest fabrication surface using the reticle ormicrometer. Compute the separation between the center
41、of the dark fringe and the nearest surface using the known calibration andreport as the case depth (see Fig. 2 and Fig. 2a).8.4 Measurement of Surface Stress:5 The recommended range is from 0.15 to 3.00 mm 0.005 to 0.12 in. Specimen thicknesses at the lower end of this range yield better results.C14
42、22/C1422M 1538.4.1 The edge stress retardation at the edge of the slice removed from the witness specimen specimen, in other words, thesurface stress of the sheet, can be measured and converted into stress units by using a microscope defined in 8.2. Measure theFIG. 2 Case Depth and Birefringence Mea
43、surement PositionsFIG. 2 (a) Photo from Poplarizing Microscope Using Monochro-matic Filter and Eyepiece Reticle to Measure Case DepthC1422/C1422M 154retardation at the edge using , either in conjunction with a suitable compensator in accordance with Test Method C978 and convertto stress in or by pho
44、toelastic color pattern observation (in accordance with 8.5.2Test Method F218.8.4.2 When visibility of the edge is inadequate, extrapolation techniques are permitted.To implement the extrapolation, measurethe optical retardation or birefringence at several points between the zero fringe and the edge
45、, typically in 10-m intervals (aminimum of three points is required). The profile must be then extrapolated to the edge as shown in Fig. 3.8.4.3 In some instances, the surface stressAlternate methods (not applicable to 8.1 ofor 8.2the chemically strengthened witnessspecimen can be measured using ref
46、ractometry techniques, in accordance with Test Method ) include:C1279.8.4.3.1 Differential surface refractometry (DSR) for some glass compositions, in accordance with Test Method C1279,Procedure A.8.4.3.2 Scattered light photoelasticity (suitable for some glass types).8.5 Calculation of Surface Stre
47、ss:8.5.1 When surface polarimetry is used, the manufacturers calibration is required to convert the instrument reading to surfacestress.8.5.2 When edge retardation is measured in accordance with 8.4.1 or in 8.4.2, calculate stress using the following:S 5R/tC 12v!# (1)where:S = stress, MPa;R = measur
48、ed retardation, nm;t = slice thickness, mm;v = Poissons ratio (0.22 for most float glasses); andC = stress-optic coefficient, 1012 Pa1 (Brewster) units, appropriate for the parent glass.68.6 A test report shall include case depth and surface compression values (at maximum, surface, or both (limited
49、to a depth of25 m) measured in accordance with the test method in Section 8.7,86 See Varshneya, A.K. Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, 2nd edition, Society of Glass Technology, Sheffield UK, 2006, page 554.7 A pronounced subsurface compression maximum is present in most ion-exchanged soda-lime glasses, the cause of which has been speculated upon but not universallyaccepted. See Varshneya, Arun K, “Chemical Strengthening of Glass: Lessons Learn
