1、Designation: C 1565 09Standard Test Method forDetermination of Pack-Set Index of Portland Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1565; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pack-set index, which provides an indication of the mechanical forceneeded to over
3、come the consolidation of portland cement.1.2 The pack-set index number provides a numerical valueuseful for manufacturers who desire to measure and control theeffect that vibration-induced consolidation has upon the manu-factured cement.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandar
4、d. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard. Values stated in SI units shall be obtained bymeasurement in SI units or by appropriate conversion, usingthe rules of Conversion and rounding given in StandardIEEE/ASTM SI 10, of measurements made in other units.1.4 This standard does no
5、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WARNINGFresh hydraulic-cementitious mi
6、xtures are caustic and maycause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolongedexposure.)22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices forDetermining Mass and Volume for Use in the PhysicalTesting of Hydraulic CementsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 International
7、System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 pack set, na condition of hydraulic cement, exhib-ited in varying degrees, following silo storage or transport inbulk railcars or trucks, that causes the cement to resist flowingunt
8、il considerable mechanical effort has been applied.3.1.2 pack-set index, nthe numerical indication of thedegree of pack set a particular cement exhibits when subjectedto the procedures of this test method.3.1.3 peak voltage, nas pertaining to this method only,the energy in volts applied to consolida
9、te the sample, whichresults in the maximum pack-set index for a particular cementand the apparatus used for the measurement.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Portland cement is placed into a flask and then consoli-dated on a vibrating table by a vibration force controlled bytime and volts. The consolidat
10、ed bed is measured for relativestrength by turning the flask to a horizontal position androtating in 180 increments until the bed collapses from thebottom of the flask. The number of half turns is a relativeindication of the force required to overcome the consolidationand is designated the pack-set
11、index, or P.S.I.5. Significance and Use5.1 This method is intended to help manufacturers deter-mine the relative pack-set tendency of their cement(s). The testestablishes a pack-set index which, when properly correlatedwith field performance, is useful in predicting or preventingfield unloading diff
12、iculties.5.2 The test is an aid to routine control during cementproduction and is not suitable for specification purposes.5.3 In general, field performance of cement flowability issatisfactory when the pack-set index as determined on freshlyground cement averages 0 to 15 and is unsatisfactory when t
13、heindex exceeds 25. Any prediction of field performance ofcement flowability measuring 16 to 25 is tenable. These aregeneral ranges and the field performance of individual cementsmay not necessarily fall within these ranges. Additional con-ditions, after the cement has left the control of the manufa
14、c-turing facility, can affect the apparent pack set index as well.5.4 Any attempt to apply the critical range of pack-set indexnumbers based on freshly ground cement to job cement withoutspecial treatment of the sample would be problematic. The test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
15、 Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.20 on Additions.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 1565 04.2Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTMSt
16、andards, Vol 04.01.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at
17、the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.is a “GO-NO GO” type of test and should not be used forspecification purposes.5.5 The pack-set index of field cement can be evaluated interms of the pack-set ind
18、ex ranges of that cement as determinedwhen freshly-ground. This comparison can aid the manufac-turer in producing cement that offers the best field performancefor pack-set properties.5.6 Silo storage of cement may result in a greater amount ofconsolidation than this method is designed to induce, and
19、 theresulting forces required to overcome that consolidation are notmeasured by this test method.5.7 Pack set is not to be confused with “warehouse set”which results from surface hydration of the cement fromadsorbed moisture.6. Interferences6.1 Results obtained from the pack-set test are dependent o
20、nsample exposure (See Note 1).NOTE 1Fresh cement has a greater pack-set tendency. Cement storedin silos for only a day or two will test similar to fresh cement. Cementstored in full silos, where aeration is negligible, may develop lowerpack-set indices upon further aging, Even samples in sealed cont
21、ainersmay vary.6.2 Pack-set index determination can be affected by sampletemperature (See Note 2).NOTE 2Cement with a temperature noticeably hotter than roomtemperature may produce a different pack-set index number than that samecement cooled to room temperature. Cooling of hot cement samples mustbe
22、 accomplished with minimum aeration to avoid moisture and CO2adsorption.6.3 The testing room humidity can significantly influencethe determined pack-set index.6.4 Keep the apparatus level during the testing procedure.6.5 The vibration energy transferred to the sample is af-fected by the support give
23、n the apparatus (See Note 3). Thedetermination of pack-set index for unknown samples shall beaccomplished on the same physical support that the peakvoltage for the test was determined on.NOTE 3Apparatus which is not setting firmly on the counter or tablemay not deliver repeatable results.6.6 Vibrati
24、on energy delivered by the table is related to theproper handling and adjustment of the table. See Section 7 fordetails.6.7 Vibration energy delivered by the table is related to thefrequency of the source voltage. This variation, if present, willresult in a poor repeatability and require more freque
25、ntdetermination of the peak voltage.7. Apparatus7.1 Erlenmeyer Flask, 250 mL capacity, regular wall thick-ness, fitted with a number 14 (large diameter 32 mm and smalldiameter 25 mm) cork stopper. Flasks are not interchangeable.Each flask and cork combination must have the peak voltagedetermined pri
26、or to use in the test method (See Note 4).7.2 Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Massshall conform to the requirements of Specification C 1005 asappropriate for the size of the sample, the mass of which is tobe determined, with a sensitivity of no less than 0.1 g and areadability of 0.1 g
27、or less.NOTE 4There are enough differences between Erlenmeyer flasks ofthe same rated capacity to cause significant difference in the pack-setindex. It is recommended that several flasks which deliver similar pack-setindex numbers for the same cement be kept as spares.7.3 Vibrating Table, (see Fig.
28、1), capable of generatingelectromagnetic vibrations at the frequency of 60 Hz, having awooden or phenolic resin top with dowel pins installedequidistant from each other on the circumference of the circlecentered on the table, with a radius slightly greater than thelargest radius of the flask (to res
29、train the flask movement on thetable).4A device that is capable of stopping any lateralmovement of the flask during vibration is required (See Note5). The air gap setting between the armatures of the vibratingtable is critical to the generation of the proper vibrationalamplitude and must be adjusted
30、 according to the manufactur-ers instructions. Manufacturers recommendations and pre-cautions for proper operation must be followed to assure theaccurate determination of the pack set index.NOTE 5Three or four dowel pins of 6 to 10 mm diameter and 25 to 30mm long will be sufficient to restrain the f
31、lask. Interconnecting rubberbands or rubber cam-locks can be used to restrain the flask to preventlateral movement of the flask during vibration.7.4 Roto-Tester, (see Fig. 2), a device on which the Erlen-meyer flask can be mounted in a horizontal position against avertical, flat, rotating plate that
32、 contains frictional hold-downcams to prevent the flask from falling, and capable of smoothlyrotating the flask and table while in that horizontal position, in180 increments at the rate of approximately 40 one-halfrotations per minute with a short partial second pause betweenhalf-rotations. The devi
33、ce shall be equipped with a countercapable of recording the number of one-half rotations of thetable.57.5 Voltmeter, capable of measuring and displaying thevoltage delivered to the vibrating table to the nearest 0.5 VAC.7.6 Variable-voltage Transformer, inductance-type, capableof supplying the vibra
34、ting table with voltage within the rangeof0vto100%ofthedesign voltage of the vibrating table.7.7 Automatic Timer, capable of controlling the “ON” timeof the variable-voltage transformer and the vibrating table to 15612 s.8. Preparation of ApparatusDetermination of PeakVoltage8.1 Determine the peak v
35、oltage applied to the vibratingtable to achieve the maximum pack-set index number for asample.8.1.1 Turn the vibrating table ON, and using the voltageadjustment of the variable-transformer, set the voltage so thatlittle or no compaction takes place in the cement sample duringthe 15 s vibration. Incr
36、ement the voltage by 2v until thecompaction achieved result is a pack-set index value greater4The vibrating table is available from suppliers of the pack set apparatus. A listof suppliers can be obtained from ASTM.5The roto-tester is available from suppliers of the pack set apparatus. A list ofsuppl
37、iers can be obtained from ASTM.C1565092than zero. Continue incrementing the voltage by 2v until apack-set index is determined that is lower than the indexdetermined using the preceding voltage. The preceding voltageis the peak voltage for that cement and apparatus combination(See Note 6).NOTE 6The t
38、est method uses the concept of vibration voltageincreasing in order to develop cement bed compaction from nearly nothingto that voltage which provides a maximum pack-set index, to that voltagewhich disrupts the compaction and reduces the pack-set index to below themaximum. A starting voltage somewhe
39、re between 40-60 volts willgenerally satisfy that need.8.2 Determine the peak voltage for the following condi-tions:8.2.1 For each type of cement from a single source.8.2.2 For samples obtained in the field or for interlaboratorytesting.8.2.3 Whenever the flask or cork is changed.8.2.4 Whenever the
40、vibrating table, voltmeter, variable-transformer, timer, or Roto-Tester are adjusted or replaced.8.2.5 No less frequently than every 1 month for any singlecement from a single source.9. Conditioning9.1 Maintain the temperature of the room and dry materialsat 23.0 6 3.0 C.9.2 Maintain the relative hu
41、midity of the testing room at aminimum of 50 %.9.3 Sieve all samples through an 850-m (No. 20) meshscreen prior to the pack-set determination.9.4 Prior to each use, clean the inside and outside of theflask, the table top of the vibrating table, and the roto-testerwith a dry clean cloth.10. Procedure
42、10.1 Place 100.0 6 0.1 g of cement, or 90.0 6 0.1 g if TypeIII cement, into the clean flask. Stopper tightly with the corkstopper to avoid spillage.10.2 De-agglomeration:10.2.1 Support the flask with the neck maintained in anearly horizontal position (consider nearly horizontal to be lessthan 90 but
43、 more than 70 from the vertical position of theflask). Rotate the flask one-half turn in the same direction.Continue rotation at the rate of two half-turns per second for aminimum of 10 s (See Note 7).10.2.2 Level the bed of cement by manually suspending theflask by the neck in an upright position a
44、nd gently swirling theflask about its longitudinal axis. Avoid excessive shaking orswirling which can cause re-agglomeration of the cementparticles.NOTE 7Proper and sufficient de-agglomeration is required for accept-able repeatability of the test. Operators should practice the procedure toreduce dif
45、ferences between repeat determinations of the index.FIG. 1 Vibrating TableC156509310.3 Insure that the voltage supplied to the vibrating table isset at the predetermined peak voltage. The table must be “ON”for this procedure. Turn the table “OFF” when finished.10.4 Gently place the flask onto the vi
46、brating table inside ofthe retaining dowels, engage the restraining device in such amanner as to insure no lateral movement between dowels andflask wall during vibration. Set the timer for 15 s, and operatethe vibrating table for the 15 s.10.5 Remove the flask from the table, gently tip the flask to
47、a horizontal position, place the flask into the roto-tester,carefully fasten the flask into the roto-tester with the frictioncam clamps. The bottom of the flask and the roto-tester tablemust be contacting each other over the entire circumference ofthe flask. Read the counter on the roto-tester or re
48、set thecounter to zero. Operate the roto-tester until the consolidatedbed of cement collapses from the bottom of the flask. Turn theroto-tester “off” and read the counter. If the bed only partiallycollapses, consider the run invalid if the bed does not com-pletely collapse within two additional one-
49、half rotations. Sub-tract the beginning number from the ending number to deter-mine the number of one-half rotations required to collapse thebed of cement (See Note 8).10.6 Make five (5) determinations using steps 10.2, 10.4,and 10.5.NOTE 8Under some circumstances, the number of half-turns for asingle run will go above 50. When the number of turns does go above 50,it is permissible to stop the roto-tester and record the result as “50+.”11. Calculation of Results11.1 Calculate the pack-set index by averaging the results ofthe five runs. Round the average to the
