1、Designation: C170/C170M 14aStandard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C170/C170M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparatio
3、n ofspecimens, and determination of the compressive strength ofdimension stone.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the
4、 other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
5、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of CylindricalConcrete SpecimensC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneD4543 Practices for Preparing Rock Core as Cylindrical TestSpec
6、imens and Verifying Conformance to Dimensionaland Shape TolerancesD7012 Test Methods for Compressive Strength and ElasticModuli of Intact Rock Core Specimens under VaryingStates of Stress and TemperaturesE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAll definiti
7、ons are in accordance with Ter-minology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences incompressive strength between the various dimension stones.This test method also provides one element in comparingstones of the same type.5. Apparatus5.1 The testing mach
8、ine used shall conform to the require-ments of Test Method C39, Section 5, including the calibrationrequirements of Practices E4.5.2 The testing machine used shall be capable of applyingthe required load at a uniform rate as prescribed in Section 9and applying load in a steady manner as to avoid sud
9、den orrapid load changes.5.3 The spherical bearing block of the testing machine shallbe suspended from the upper head so that the contact plateremains in a central position (spherical surfaces in full contact)when not loaded. The spherical surfaces shall be welllubricated, and the center of curvatur
10、e shall be aligned withinthe surface of contact with the specimen.5.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the correct alignment of a specimen andthe typical components of a testing machine conforming tothese requirements.6. Sampling6.1 The sample shall be selected to represent a true averageof the type or grade of s
11、tone under consideration and shall beof the quality supplied to the market in finished form under thetype designation to be tested. The sample may be selected bythe purchaser or his authorized representative from quarriedstone or taken from the natural ledge and shall be of adequatesize to permit th
12、e preparation of the desired number of testspecimens. When perceptible variations occur, the purchasermay select as many samples as are necessary for determiningthe variation in compressive strength.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens may be cubes or right cylinders andshall be cut from the samp
13、le with saws or core drills. Thediameter or lateral dimension (distance between oppositevertical surfaces) shall be not less than 2 in. 50 mm1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on TestMethods.Curr
14、ent edition approved Oct. 15, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C170/C170M14.DOI: 10.1520/C0170_C0170M-14A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1dimensional to accommodate variations in the grain size orcomposition of
16、the sample (Explanatory Note 1).7.2 The ratio of height (the distance between the surfaces incontact with the testing apparatus) to the diameter or lateraldimension shall be between 0.9:1.0 and 1.1:1.0 (ExplanatoryNote 2).7.3 The sides of the specimen shall be smooth and straightto within 0.02 in. 0
17、.5 mm over the full height of the specimen.7.4 The two surfaces in contact with the testing apparatusshall have a fine abrasive finish, and the other surfaces shallhave a fine sawn finish (Explanatory Note 5). The surfaces incontact with the testing apparatus shall be ground or lapped toa flatness t
18、olerance of plus or minus 0.005 in. 0.1 mm, andshall not depart from perpendicular to the longitudinal axis ofthe specimen by more than 0.25 deg.7.5 At least five specimens shall be prepared for each testcondition. Final test conditions are determined by the projectconditions and specified with the
19、testing request. Typically,testing includes wet and dry conditions both perpendicular andparallel to the stone rift (plane of easiest splitting, typicallyconsistent with the bedding plane orientation), requiring aminimum of 20 specimens. Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b illustrate theproper placement of test spe
20、cimens within a testing apparatusfor the two most common rift orientations. The load-bearingsurfaces shall be finished by grinding to as nearly true andparallel planes (Explanatory Note 5) as practicable.7.6 The load-bearing surfaces and the direction of rift shallbe marked on each specimen.7.7 Use
21、of capping materials or end surfacing treatmentsother than grinding shall not be permitted.8. Conditioning8.1 Before testing the specimens in a dry condition, drythem for 48 h at 140 6 4F 60 6 2C. At the 46th, 47th, and48th h, weigh the specimens to ensure that the weight is thesame. If the weight c
22、ontinues to drop, continue to dry thespecimens until there are 3 successive hourly readings with thesame weight. After removing the specimens from the oven,cool them to room temperature in a desiccator before testingthem.8.2 Before testing the specimens in a wet condition, im-merse them in water for
23、 48 h at 72 6 4F 22 6 2C. Testthem immediately upon removal from the bath, wiping thespecimens free of surface water.9. Procedure9.1 The load-bearing area of each specimen shall be calcu-lated from measurements taken midway between the surfacesin contact with the testing apparatus and calculated to
24、thenearest 0.1 in.260 mm2. An alternate approach for determin-ing the load-bearing area is to calculate the areas of the top andbottom bearing surfaces to the nearest 0.1 in.260 mm2 andaverage these values.9.2 Center the specimens in the testing machine and applyan initial seating load that will hol
25、d the specimen in place butstill permit hand adjustment of the contact plate on thespecimen. Rotate the contact plate back and forth through anangle of approximately 30 deg. to properly seat the sphericalblock, but do not move the specimen out of the central position.9.3 Apply load at a uniform rate
26、 not exceeding 100 psi/s0.5 MPa/s.9.4 Apply the load until specimen failure. Failure of thespecimen is defined as the inability of the specimen to resistadditional load.9.5 Record the load at failure to the nearest 100 lb 500 N.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the compressive strength of each specimena
27、s follows:FIG. 1 Diagram of a Specimen Properly Aligned within a TestingApparatus Suitable for Compressive Strength Testing(a) Loading Perpendicular to Bedding Plane or Rift (b) Loading Parallel to Bedding Plane or RiftFIG. 2 Orientation of Specimen in a Testing Apparatus with Respect to Bedding Pla
28、ne or RiftC170/C170M 14a2C 5 W/A (1)where:C = compressive strength of the specimen, psi MPaW = total load, lbf N, on the specimen at failure, andA = calculated area of the bearing surface in in.2mm2.Round each individual result to the nearest 100 psi 1 MPa.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the
29、 following:11.1.1 Date,11.1.2 Testing agency,11.1.3 Personnel responsible for the test results,11.1.4 Description of the testing equipment or apparatusused,11.1.5 Identification of the samples, including name andlocation of the quarry, name or position of the ledge, date whensample was taken and tra
30、de name or grade of stone,11.1.6 Stone type,11.1.7 Specimen dimensions,11.1.8 Stone specimen orientations tested,11.1.9 Conditioning procedures used,11.1.10 Individual test results for each specimen,11.1.11 Average value of the test results for each testcondition (wet, dry, perpendicular to rift, pa
31、rallel to rift, etc.)using the following equation:Cav5sum of individual test results for each test condition! (2)number of tests for each test condition!11.1.12 Standard deviation(s) of the test results for each testcondition using the following relation:S 5 sum of test result 2 Cav!2 (3)number of t
32、est 2 1!#1211.1.13 Statements describing deviations from the above-described testing procedures, as well as any variance from thetest specimen dimensional and preparatory requirements.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Individual variations in a natural product may result indeviation from accepted values. A
33、 precision section will beadded when sufficient data are available to indicate acceptabletolerances in repeatability and reproducibility.13. Keywords13.1 compressive strength; dimension stone; stone; testEXPLANATORY NOTESNOTE 1For very coarse-grain materials like some of the granites, thediameter of
34、 the specimen should not be less than 2.5 in. 65 mm.NOTE 2The compressive strength of dimension stone has historicallybeen determined on cube specimens with a height to lateral dimensionproportion 1:1. This specimen shape differs from the standard shapespecimens for determination of compressive stre
35、ngth of rock specimensrequired by Test Method D7012. Variation from the required cubespecimen, dimensions, and height ot lateral dimension proportions of 1:1has been found to result in significant variations in compressive strengthvalues. Comparison with compressive strength of rock specimens deter-
36、mined by Test Method D7012 requires the use of correction factors. Forconsistency with historical compressive strength values determined byC170/C170M and industry practices, this standard does not allow fordeviation from the required specimen shape and dimensions.NOTE 3In some materials, such as gra
37、nite, three directions withrespect to fissility are recognized, as follows: “rift” (the plane of easiestsplitting), “grain” (the plane of next easiest splitting), and “head-grain”(the plane of hardest splitting). Occasionally, tests are required fordetermining the strength perpendicular to each of t
38、hese directions. In suchcases, the sample shall be marked at the quarry to show which faces aregrain, rift, and head-grain, and the required number of specimens shall beprepared with load-bearing faces parallel to each of these planes andproperly labeled for the various tests.NOTE 4Prepared specimen
39、s must meet the required tolerances fortesting. Deviation from these tolerances can have a measurable impact onthe test results and produce values that under or over-estimate thecompressive strength of the stone. For procedures helpful in verifyingtolerances are being met, refer to Practices D4543.N
40、OTE 5Accuracy of test results depends largely on uniform distribu-tion of the load over the bearing faces. In order to grind the surfaces toreasonably true planes, considerable care is necessary. the followingprocedure is suggested: Assuming that the specimen is a cube or cylinderand the load is to
41、be applied to the ends; mark two adjacent sides forreference, then grind the ends on a grinding wheel or lap until they areperpendicular to these reference sides as gaged by a machinist square.Complete the grinding by rubbing the ends on a smooth machine-planedsurface of a cast iron plate with No. 8
42、0 emery and water. The specimenshould be grasped as near the surface of the plate as possible to preventrocking of the specimen. A satisfactory mechanical means of finishing thebearing surfaces of the specimens is to place them in a chuck in a lathe andsurface the ends with a tool post grinder. This
43、 grinder consists of a smallmotor and arbor carrying an abrasive wheel which turns at about 5000r/min. A three-point chuck is used to permit the surfacing of cylindrical,square prism, or cubical specimens. When the square-type specimen isused it will be necessary to place a small piece of notched me
44、tal betweenthe specimen and one chuck point. This causes the specimen to be placedsomewhat off-center but does not interfere with the surfacing process. Thesurface can be tested for flatness by holding a straightedge on the surfaceand viewing it before a strong light. Specimens finished in this wayc
45、ommonly give considerably higher test results than specimens preparedby hand.C170/C170M 14a3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinatio
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