1、Designation: C 242 01Standard Terminology ofCeramic Whitewares and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used inceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries
3、 arenot included. Included are words that are peculiar to thisindustry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases arelisted alphabetically under the first word; additional importantwords are cross-referenced.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfec-tions on ceramics, refer to Termi
4、nology F 109.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2E 180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial Chemicals3F 109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections onCeramics4F 465 Practice for Developing Precis
5、ion and Accuracy Dataon ASTM Methods for the Analysis of Meat and MeatProducts52.2 British Standard:6BS 2955 Glossary of Terms Relating to Powders3. Terminologyabsolute or true densitySee absolute or true density underdensity.absorbancethe logarithm of that fraction of an incident lightbeam that is
6、dissipated in the sample, being neither trans-mitted nor reflected.absorbed moisturewater held mechanically in the materialand having physical properties not substantially differentfrom ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.absorption(1) the relationship of the weight of the waterabsor
7、bed by a ceramic specimen, subjected to prescribedimmersion procedure, to the weight of the dry specimen.(2) the capacity of a substance to take up a substance,usually a liquid or gas, with the formation of an apparentlyhomogeneous mixture.adsorptionthe capacity of a substance to accept and retainon
8、 its surface a layer of another substance, usually a gas ora liquid.agglomeratea jumbled mass or collection of two or moreparticles or aggregates, or a combination thereof, heldtogether by relatively weak cohesive forces caused by weakchemical bonding or an electrostatic surface charge gener-ated by
9、 handling or processing.DISCUSSIONCommon usage in powder technology (and BritishStandard 2955) has the terms “aggregate” and “agglomerate” inter-changed in meaning from the definitions presented here, and care mustbe taken to determine in context which definition is in use.aggregatea dense mass of p
10、articles held together by strongintermolecular or atomic cohesive forces that is stable tonormal mixing techniques, including high-speed stirring andultrasonics.alumina porcelainSee alumina porcelain under porcelain.alumina whitewareSee alumina whiteware under ceramicwhiteware.andalusitea polymorph,
11、 along with sillimanite and kyanite,of composition Al2O3SiO2which on firing dissociates toyield principally mullite.apparent or pycnometric densitySee apparent or pycnomet-ric density under density.apparent porositySee apparent porosity under porosity.average particle sizea single value representing
12、 the entireparticle-size distribution.DISCUSSIONIt is essential to specify the basis under which theaverage is obtained.ball claya secondary clay, commonly characterized by thepresence of organic matter, high plasticity, high dry strength,long vitrification range, and a light color when fired.ball m
13、illinga method of grinding and mixing material, withor without liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical millpartially filled with grinding media such as balls or pebbles.basalt warea black unglazed vitreous ceramic ware havingthe appearance of basalt rock.Belleek chinaa highly translucent whiteware
14、 composed of abody containing a significant amount of frit and normallyhaving a luster glaze.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C21.01 on Nomenclature.Current edition approved July
15、 10, 2001. Published October 2001. Originallypublished as C 242 50 T. Last previous edition C 242 00a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07.6Available from British Standa
16、rds Institute, 2 Park St., London, EnglandW1A 2B5.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.bentonitea distinct type of fine-grained clay containing notless than 85 % montmorillionite clay having the formula(OH)4Si8Al4O20nH2O and composed of units made u
17、p oftwo silica tetrahedral sheets with a central alumina octahe-dral sheet.beryllium oxide (beryllia) (BeO)an inorganic material ofexceptionally high thermal conductivity which is toxic in thepowder form.biasa constant or systematic error, as opposed to a randomerror, manifesting itself as a persist
18、ent positive or negativedeviation of the method average from the accepted referencevalue. E 180; F 465bindera cementing medium; either a material added to themixture to increase the green or dry strength as compacted,and which may be expelled during sintering or calcining, ora material added to a mi
19、xture for the purpose of cementingtogether particles.DISCUSSIONA binder may be either a permanent addition, or atemporary additive to a ceramic product.bisque fireSee bisque fire under firing.blackbodythe ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of thermalradiation which emits radiant energy at the maxim
20、um ratepossible, as a consequence of its temperature, and absorbs allincident radiation.blisteringthe development during firing of enclosed orbroken macroscopic vesicles or bubbles in a body, or in aglaze or other coating.bloatingsubstantial swelling produced by a heat treatmentthat causes the forma
21、tion of a vesicular structure.blungingthe wet process of blending, or suspending ceramicmaterial in liquid by agitation.bodythe structural portion of a ceramic article, or thematerial or mixture from which it is made.bone ashcalcined bone consisting essentially of calciumphosphate.bone chinaa transl
22、ucent china made from a ceramic whitew-are body composition containing a minimum of 25 % boneash.bright glazeSee bright glaze under glaze.calcinea ceramic material or mixture fired to less than fusionfor use as a constituent in a ceramic composition.capillary actionthe phenomenon of intrusion of a l
23、iquid intointerconnected small voids, pores, and channels in a solid,resulting from surface tension.cassiterite (SnO2)an inorganic mineral of the tetragonalform used as a source of tin and tin oxide.castinga process for forming ceramic ware by introducing abody slip into a porous mold which absorbs
24、sufficient water(or other liquid) from the slip to produce a semirigid article.drain casting (hollow casting)forming ceramic ware byintroducing a body slip into an open porous mold, and thendraining off the remaining slip when the case has reached thedesired thickness.solid castingforming ceramic wa
25、re by introducing a bodyslip into a porous mold which usually consists of two majorsections, one section forming the contour of the outside andthe other forming the contour of the inside of the ware andallowing a solid cast to form between the two mold faces.ceramic articlean article having a glazed
26、 or unglazed bodyof crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or of glass,which body is produced from essentially inorganic, nonme-tallic substances and either is formed from a molten masswhich solidifies on cooling, or is formed and simultaneouslyor subsequently matured by the action of the heat
27、.ceramic mosaic tilean unglazed tile formed by either thedust-pressed or plastic method, usually14 to38 in. (6.4 to 9.5mm) thick, and having a facial area of less than 6 in.2(39cm2) and which is usually mounted on sheets approximately1 by 2 ft (0.3 by 0.6 m) to facilitate setting.DISCUSSIONCeramic m
28、osaic tile may be of either porcelain ornatural clay composition and may be either plain or with an abrasivemixture throughout.ceramic pastea French term synonymous with “ceramicbody.”ceramic processthe production of articles or coatings fromessentially inorganic, nonmetallic materials, the article
29、orcoating being made permanent and suitable for utilitarianand decorative purposes by the action of heat at temperaturessufficient to cause sintering, solid-state reactions, bonding,or conversion partially or wholly to the glassy state.ceramicsa general term applied to the art or technique ofproduci
30、ng articles by a ceramic process, or to the articles soproduced.ceramic whitewarea fired ware consisting of a glazed orunglazed ceramic body which is commonly white and of finetexture, designating such product classifications as tile,china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and earthenware.alumina whitew
31、are any ceramic whiteware in whichalumina (Al2O3) is an essential crystalline phase.cordierite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in whichcordierite (2MgO2Al2O35SiO2) is the essential crystallinephase.forsterite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which for-sterite (2MgOSiO2) is the essential crystalline
32、phase.steatite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which mag-nesium metasilicate (MgOSiO2) is the essential crystallinephase.titania whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which titania(TiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.zircon whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which zircon(ZrO2SiO2) is the essential
33、 crystalline phase.chemical porcelainSee chemical porcelain under porcelain.chinaa glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware madeby the china process and used for nontechnical purposes,designating such products as dinnerware, sanitary ware, andartware when they are vitreous. (See also bone china
34、.)china claySee kaolin.china processthe method of producing glazed ware bywhich the ceramic body is fired to maturity, following whichthe glaze is applied and matured by firing at a lowertemperature.china sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fixtures)glazed,vitrified whiteware fixtures having a sanitary
35、 service func-tion.claya natural mineral agglomerate, consisting essentially ofhydrous aluminum silicates; plastic when sufficiently wetted,C 2422rigid when dried en masse, and vitrified when fired to asufficiently high temperature.clear glazeSee clear glaze under glaze.closed porositySee closed por
36、osity under porosity.coefficient of frictionthe ratio of the parallel component offorce required to overcome or have a tendancy to overcomethe resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in physicalcontact one with another, but otherwise unconstrained, to thenormal component of the forceusually th
37、e force as a resultof gravityapplied through the object which tends to causethe friction.color difference(1) the magnitude and character of thedifference between two colors, described by such terms asredder, bluer, lighter, darker, grayer, or cleaner. (2) themagnitude and direction of the difference
38、 between a sampleand a standard, computed from tristimulus values, or chro-maticity coordinates and luminance factor, by means of aspecified set of color difference equations.color spacea three dimensional arrangement for represent-ing all possible colors; for example, in the color spacedefined by t
39、he color scales L, a, and b used to describe thecolor of opaque specimens, scale L is a measure of lightness,a is a measure of redness (plus) or greenness (minus), and bis a measure of yellowness (plus) or blueness (minus).color standarda plaque or other physical standard of estab-lished color value
40、, against which standardization of aninstrument is made.DISCUSSIONIt may be a reference standard at a calibration labora-tory, a transfer standard used to calibrate a particular instrument, or aworking standard for routine minutionthe act or process of reduction of particle sizewith attendant increa
41、se in surface area and population ofparticles, usually but not necessarily by grinding, milling, orpulverizing.conductive ceramic tiletile made from special body com-positions or by methods that result in specific properties ofelectrical conductivity while retaining other normal physicalproperties o
42、f ceramic tile.connected porositySee connected porosity under porosity.cordierite porcelainSee cordierite porcelain under porce-lain.cordierite whitewareSee cordierite whiteware under ce-ramic whiteware.corunduma naturally occurring hexagonal mineral of thecomposition Al2O3, which can also be prepar
43、ed syntheticallyto high purity; noted for its hardness (9 on Mohs scale) andrefractoriness (M.P. = 2045C).DISCUSSIONIt forms the gem varieties ruby and sapphire withappropriate impurities. It may contain associated minerals such asdiaspore or various silicates, or both. Commonly coarsely crystalline
44、,sometimes microcrystalline.covering powerthe ability of a glaze to cover the surface ofthe fired ware uniformly and completely.crawlinga parting and contraction of the glaze on the surfaceof ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in un-glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.crazingthe cr
45、acking that occurs in fired glazes or otherceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses. May alsooccur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) whitew-are bodies.crystalline glazeSee crystalline glaze under glaze.deagglomerationthe process of breaking down, usually byphysical means, the mas
46、ses of particles that are held togetherby relatively weak cohesive forces resulting in a final systemof aggregates or primary particles, or both.deairingthe process of removing entrapped air, or absorbedair from a mass or slurry, usually by application of a vacuum.decoratedadorned, embellished, or m
47、ade more attractive bymeans of color or surface detail.decorating fireSee decorating fire under firing.decoration:inglaze decorationa ceramic decoration applied on thesurface of an unfired glaze and matured with the glaze.overglaze decorationa ceramic or metallic decorationapplied and fired on the p
48、reviously glazed surface of ceramicware.polychrome decorationa multicolor decoration.underglaze decorationa ceramic decoration applied di-rectly on the surface of ceramic ware and subsequentlycovered with a transparent glaze.deflocculateto separate agglomerates in a slurry by chemicaland physical me
49、ans to achieve and maintain particle-to-particle separation.DISCUSSIONA surface-active wetting agent (cationic, anionic, ornonionic type) to coat the particle surface with like ionic charges toinduce repulsion of the surfaces is usually effective.deformation eutecticSee eutectic, deformation.delft warea calcareous earthenware having an opaque whiteglaze and monochrome overglaze decorations. (Originatedin Delft, Holland.)density:absolute or true densitythe weight divided by the vol
