1、Designation: C242 14Standard Terminology ofCeramic Whitewares and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used inceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries ar
3、enot included. Included are words that are peculiar to thisindustry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases arelisted alphabetically under the first word; additional importantwords are cross-referenced.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfec-tions on ceramics, refer to Terminol
4、ogy F109.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)3F109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections onCeramicsF465 Practic
5、e for Developing Precision and Accuracy Dataon ASTM Method for the Analysis of Meat and MeatProducts (Withdrawn 1993)32.2 British Standard:4BS 2955 Glossary of Terms Relating to Powders3. Terminologyabsolute or true densitySee absolute or true density underdensity.absorbancethe logarithm of that fra
6、ction of an incident lightbeam that is dissipated in the sample, being neither trans-mitted nor reflected.absorbed moisturewater held mechanically in the materialand having physical properties not substantially differentfrom ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.absorption(1) the relat
7、ionship of the weight of the waterabsorbed by a ceramic specimen, subjected to prescribedimmersion procedure, to the weight of the dry specimen.(2) the capacity of a substance to take up a substance,usually a liquid or gas, with the formation of an apparentlyhomogeneous mixture.adsorptionthe capacit
8、y of a substance to accept and retainon its surface a layer of another substance, usually a gas ora liquid.agglomeratea jumbled mass or collection of two or moreparticles or aggregates, or a combination thereof, heldtogether by relatively weak cohesive forces caused by weakchemical bonding or an ele
9、ctrostatic surface charge gener-ated by handling or processing.DISCUSSIONCommon usage in powder technology (and BritishStandard BS 2955) has the terms “aggregate” and “agglomerate”interchanged in meaning from the definitions presented here, and caremust be taken to determine in context which definit
10、ion is in use.aggregatea dense mass of particles held together by strongintermolecular or atomic cohesive forces that is stable tonormal mixing techniques, including high-speed stirring andultrasonics.alumina porcelainSee alumina porcelain under porcelain.alumina whitewareSee alumina whiteware under
11、 ceramicwhiteware.andalusitea polymorph, along with sillimanite and kyanite,of composition Al2O3SiO2which on firing dissociates toyield principally mullite.apparent or pycnometric densitySee apparent or pycnomet-ric density under density.apparent porositySee apparent porosity under porosity.average
12、particle sizea single value representing the entireparticle-size distribution.DISCUSSIONIt is essential to specify the basis under which theaverage is obtained.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility
13、ofSubcommittee C21.01 on Editorial and Teminology.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C242 01 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/C0242-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
14、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from British Standards Institute, 2 Park St., Lo
15、ndon, EnglandW1A 2B5.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ball claya secondary clay, commonly characterized by thepresence of organic matter, high plasticity, high dry strength,long vitrification range, and a light color wh
16、en fired.ball millinga method of grinding and mixing material, withor without liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical millpartially filled with grinding media such as balls or pebbles.basalt warea black unglazed vitreous ceramic ware havingthe appearance of basalt rock.Belleek chinaa highly transl
17、ucent whiteware composed of abody containing a significant amount of frit and normallyhaving a luster glaze.bentonitea distinct type of fine-grained clay containing notless than 85 % montmorillionite clay having the formula(OH)4Si8Al4O20nH2O and composed of units made up oftwo silica tetrahedral she
18、ets with a central alumina octahe-dral sheet.beryllium oxide (beryllia) (BeO)an inorganic material ofexceptionally high thermal conductivity which is toxic in thepowder form.biasa constant or systematic error, as opposed to a randomerror, manifesting itself as a persistent positive or negativedeviat
19、ion of the method average from the accepted referencevalue. E180; F465bindera cementing medium; either a material added to themixture to increase the green or dry strength as compacted,and which may be expelled during sintering or calcining, ora material added to a mixture for the purpose of cementi
20、ngtogether particles.DISCUSSIONA binder may be either a permanent addition, or atemporary additive to a ceramic product.bisque fireSee bisque fire under firing.blackbodythe ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of thermalradiation which emits radiant energy at the maximum ratepossible, as a consequenc
21、e of its temperature, and absorbs allincident radiation.blisteringthe development during firing of enclosed orbroken macroscopic vesicles or bubbles in a body, or in aglaze or other coating.bloatingsubstantial swelling produced by a heat treatmentthat causes the formation of a vesicular structure.bl
22、ungingthe wet process of blending, or suspending ceramicmaterial in liquid by agitation.bodythe structural portion of a ceramic article, or thematerial or mixture from which it is made.bone ashcalcined bone consisting essentially of calciumphosphate.bone chinaa translucent china made from a ceramic
23、white-ware body composition containing a minimum of 25 % boneash.bright glazeSee bright glaze under glaze.calcinea ceramic material or mixture fired to less than fusionfor use as a constituent in a ceramic composition.capillary actionthe phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid intointerconnected small v
24、oids, pores, and channels in a solid,resulting from surface tension.cassiterite (SnO2)an inorganic mineral of the tetragonalform used as a source of tin and tin oxide.castinga process for forming ceramic ware by introducing abody slip into a porous mold which absorbs sufficient water(or other liquid
25、) from the slip to produce a semirigid article.drain casting (hollow casting)forming ceramic ware byintroducing a body slip into an open porous mold, and thendraining off the remaining slip when the case has reached thedesired thickness.solid castingforming ceramic ware by introducing a bodyslip int
26、o a porous mold which usually consists of two majorsections, one section forming the contour of the outside and theother forming the contour of the inside of the ware andallowing a solid cast to form between the two mold faces.ceramic articlean article having a glazed or unglazed bodyof crystalline
27、or partly crystalline structure, or of glass,which body is produced from essentially inorganic, nonme-tallic substances and either is formed from a molten masswhich solidifies on cooling, or is formed and simultaneouslyor subsequently matured by the action of the heat.ceramic mosaic tilean unglazed
28、tile formed by either thedust-pressed or plastic method, usually14 to38 in. (6.4 to 9.5mm) thick, and having a facial area of less than 6 in.2(39cm2) and which is usually mounted on sheets approximately1 by 2 ft (0.3 by 0.6 m) to facilitate setting.DISCUSSIONCeramic mosaic tile may be of either porc
29、elain ornatural clay composition and may be either plain or with an abrasivemixture throughout.ceramic pastea French term synonymous with “ceramicbody.”ceramic processthe production of articles or coatings fromessentially inorganic, nonmetallic materials, the article orcoating being made permanent a
30、nd suitable for utilitarianand decorative purposes by the action of heat at temperaturessufficient to cause sintering, solid-state reactions, bonding,or conversion partially or wholly to the glassy state.ceramicsa general term applied to the art or technique ofproducing articles by a ceramic process
31、, or to the articles soproduced.ceramic whitewarea fired ware consisting of a glazed orunglazed ceramic body which is commonly white and of finetexture, designating such product classifications as tile,china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and earthenware.alumina whiteware any ceramic whiteware in whi
32、chalumina (Al2O3) is an essential crystalline phase.cordierite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in whichcordierite (2MgO2Al2O35SiO2) is the essential crystallinephase.C242 142forsterite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which for-sterite (2MgOSiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.steatite whiteware
33、any ceramic whiteware in which mag-nesium metasilicate (MgOSiO2) is the essential crystallinephase.titania whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which titania(TiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.zircon whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which zircon(ZrO2SiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.chemi
34、cal porcelainSee chemical porcelain under porcelain.chinaa glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware madeby the china process and used for nontechnical purposes,designating such products as dinnerware, sanitary ware, andartware when they are vitreous. (See also bone china.)china claySee kaolin.c
35、hina processthe method of producing glazed ware bywhich the ceramic body is fired to maturity, following whichthe glaze is applied and matured by firing at a lowertemperature.china sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fixtures)glazed,vitrified whiteware fixtures having a sanitary service func-tion.claya
36、 natural mineral agglomerate, consisting essentially ofhydrous aluminum silicates; plastic when sufficiently wetted,rigid when dried en masse, and vitrified when fired to asufficiently high temperature.clear glazeSee clear glaze under glaze.closed porositySee closed porosity under porosity.coefficie
37、nt of frictionthe ratio of the parallel component offorce required to overcome or have a tendancy to overcomethe resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in physicalcontact one with another, but otherwise unconstrained, to thenormal component of the forceusually the force as a resultof gravitya
38、pplied through the object which tends to causethe friction.color difference(1) the magnitude and character of thedifference between two colors, described by such terms asredder, bluer, lighter, darker, grayer, or cleaner. (2) themagnitude and direction of the difference between a sampleand a standar
39、d, computed from tristimulus values, or chro-maticity coordinates and luminance factor, by means of aspecified set of color difference equations.color spacea three dimensional arrangement for represent-ing all possible colors; for example, in the color spacedefined by the color scales L, a, and b us
40、ed to describe thecolor of opaque specimens, scale L is a measure of lightness,a is a measure of redness (plus) or greenness (minus), and bis a measure of yellowness (plus) or blueness (minus).color standarda plaque or other physical standard of estab-lished color value, against which standardizatio
41、n of aninstrument is made.DISCUSSIONIt may be a reference standard at a calibrationlaboratory, a transfer standard used to calibrate a particular instrument,or a working standard for routine minutionthe act or process of reduction of particle sizewith attendant increase in surface area and populatio
42、n ofparticles, usually but not necessarily by grinding, milling, orpulverizing.conductive ceramic tiletile made from special body com-positions or by methods that result in specific properties ofelectrical conductivity while retaining other normal physicalproperties of ceramic tile.connected porosit
43、ySee connected porosity under porosity.cordierite porcelainSee cordierite porcelain under porce-lain.cordierite whitewareSee cordierite whiteware under ce-ramic whiteware.corunduma naturally occurring hexagonal mineral of thecompositionAl2O3, which can also be prepared syntheticallyto high purity; n
44、oted for its hardness (9 on Mohs scale) andrefractoriness (M.P. = 2045C).DISCUSSIONIt forms the gem varieties ruby and sapphire withappropriate impurities. It may contain associated minerals such asdiaspore or various silicates, or both. Commonly coarsely crystalline,sometimes microcrystalline.cover
45、ing powerthe ability of a glaze to cover the surface ofthe fired ware uniformly and completely.crawlinga parting and contraction of the glaze on the surfaceof ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in un-glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.crazingthe cracking that occurs in fired glaze
46、s or otherceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses. May alsooccur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) white-ware bodies.crystalline glazeSee crystalline glaze under glaze.deagglomerationthe process of breaking down, usually byphysical means, the masses of particles that are held to
47、getherby relatively weak cohesive forces resulting in a final systemof aggregates or primary particles, or both.deairingthe process of removing entrapped air, or absorbedair from a mass or slurry, usually by application of a vacuum.decoratedadorned, embellished, or made more attractive bymeans of co
48、lor or surface detail.decorating fireSee decorating fire under firing.decoration:inglaze decorationa ceramic decoration applied on thesurface of an unfired glaze and matured with the glaze.overglaze decorationa ceramic or metallic decorationapplied and fired on the previously glazed surface of ceram
49、icware.polychrome decorationa multicolor decoration.underglaze decorationa ceramic decoration applied di-rectly on the surface of ceramic ware and subsequently coveredwith a transparent glaze.deflocculateto separate agglomerates in a slurry by chemicaland physical means to achieve and maintain particle-to-particle separation.C242 143DISCUSSIONA surface-active wetting agent (cationic, anionic, ornonionic type) to coat the particle surface with like ionic charges toinduce repulsi
