1、Designation: C286 99 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Terminology Relating toPorcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These definitions pertain to the term
3、inology used in theporcelain enamel and ceramic-coated metal industries.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries arenot included. Included are words that are peculiar to theseindustries.1.3 Hyphenated words, double words, or phrases are listedalphabetically under the first word; additio
4、nal important wordsare cross-referenced.1.4 When a word or phrase, listed as a synonym, is notseparately defined, the defined word or phrase is the acceptedor preferred form.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A424 Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Enamel-ingA919 Terminology Relat
5、ing to Heat Treatment of MetalsC282 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Porcelain Enam-els(Citric Acid Spot Test)C283 Test Methods for Resistance of Porcelain EnameledUtensils to Boiling AcidC285 Test Methods for Sieve Analysis of Wet-Milled andDry-Milled Porcelain EnamelC313 Test Method for Adherenc
6、e of Porcelain Enamel andCeramic Coatings to Sheet MetalC314 Discontinued 1981; Test Method for Flatness ofPorcelain Enameled Panels3C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsC347 Test Method for Reflectivity and Coefficient of Scat-ter of White Porcelain Enamels3C374 Test Method
7、s for Fusion Flow of Porcelain EnamelFrits (Flow-Button Methods)C448 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of PorcelainEnamelsC614 Test Method forAlkali Resistance of Porcelain Enam-elsC633 Test Method for Adhesion or Cohesion Strength ofThermal Spray CoatingsC743 Test Method for Continuity of Porcel
8、ain EnamelCoatingsC756 Test Method for Cleanability of Surface Finishes3. Terminologyabrasion resistancethe degree to which a porcelain enamelwill resist attack by abrasive materials.NOTE 1See Test Methods C448.acid annealingan annealing process in which ferrous metalshapes are coated with acid befo
9、re and in conjunction withthe annealing.acid resistancethe degree to which a porcelain enamel willresist attack by acids.NOTE 2See Test Method C283 and Test Method C282.adherence(1) the degree of adhesion of a porcelain enamelor other ceramic coating to a metal substrate.NOTE 3See Test Method C313.(
10、2) Stress necessary to cause separation of one material fromanother at their interface.NOTE 4See Test Method C633.agingthe storing of porcelain enamel slips or powders beforeuse. The change occurring in slips or powders with the lapseof time.air atomizingair used to atomize powder and to controlpowd
11、er/air mix and powder cloud density.air fluidizerair used to impart fluid-like properties to pow-der via a fluid bed.alkali resistancefor porcelain enamels, the degree to whicha porcelain enamel will resist attack by aqueous alkalinesolutions.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi
12、ttee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.12 on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C286 99(
13、2004). DOI:10.1520/C0286-99R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved
14、version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 5See Test Method C614.alligator hidea defect characterized by an extreme rough-ness of the porcelain enamel surface
15、: a severe case of orangepeel.aluminum enamela porcelain enamel specifically designedfor application to aluminum.annealingsee Terminology A919.annealing acidsee acid annealing and annealing.anti-scale compounda preparation that is applied to burningtools to protect them from scaling in service.back
16、emissionthe electrical breakdown of air due to exces-sive charge build-up in the porcelain enamel powder filmduring powder application. This is due to the self-limitingcharacteristic of electrostatic powders.back ionizationsee back emission.ball millin porcelain enamels, a dense, ceramic-lined rotat
17、-ing cylinder in which ceramic materials are wet or dryground, generally using pebbles or porcelain balls as grind-ing media.base coatfor two coat-one fire application, the thin layer ofbonding frit applied first and used to promote adherence afterfiring to the metal substrate.base metalthe metal to
18、 which porcelain enamel is applied.basis metalsee base metal.basket, picklesee pickle basket and pickling.batch smelterany smelter that operates as a periodic unit,being charged, fired, and discharged according to a prede-termined cycle.beading(1) the application of porcelain enamel, usually of acon
19、trasting color, to the edge or rim of porcelain enameledarticles.(2) Removal of excess slip from the edge of dipped ware.(3) In dry processing enameling, a bead of porcelainenamel along the edge of ware.beading enamelany of the special porcelain enamels usedfor beading.bisquea coating of wet-process
20、 porcelain enamel that hasbeen dried, but not fired.blackboard enamel see chalkboard enamel.black edginga black porcelain enamel applied over theground coat and exposed in specified areas by brushing thecover coat bisque prior to firing (see also edging).black specka defect that appears in the fired
21、 cover coat as asmall dark spot.blankthe piece cut from metal sheet that is to be used informing the finished article.blemishin dry process enameling, an insignificant imperfec-tion in the porcelain enamel surface.blistera defect caused by gas evolution consisting of abubble that forms during fusion
22、 and remains when theporcelain enamel solidifies.blow-off resistancethe degree to which a deposited layer ofpowder resists being blown off by a standard jet of air.blue enamel(1) in dry-process porcelain enameling, an areaof enamel coating so thin that it appears blue in color.(2) In wet-process ena
23、meling, a cover coat applied toothin to hide the substrate.boilinga defect visible in the fired porcelain enamel causedby gas evolution which results in the formation of blisters,pinholes, black specks, dimples, or spongy surface.bolt-hole brusha special round brush used to removeporcelain enamel bi
24、sque from in and around small openingsin the ware.bondsee adherence.box furnacea furnace in which, periodically, a load of wareis introduced; fired, and removed.break outin dry process enameling, a defect characterizedby an area of blisters with well defined boundaries.bright annealingsee Terminolog
25、y A919.brushto remove bisque in a definite pattern by means of abrush.brush, bolt-holesee bolt-hole brush.brushingsee brush.bubble structuresize and spatial distribution of voids withinthe fired porcelain enamel.bucka special support for ware during the firing of porcelainenamel on heavy ware.burnin
26、gsee firing.burning bars, points, or toolsequipment used to suspend orsupport ware during the firing operations.burning tool marka defect in the porcelain enamel appear-ing on the surface opposite to the point of contact with thesupporting burning tool.button testa test designed to determine relativ
27、e fusibility ofporcelain enamel frit or powder and so called because thecompleted specimens resemble buttons.NOTE 6See flow button and Test Methods C374.cast iron enamela porcelain enamel specifically designedfor application to cast iron.ceramic coatingan inorganic, essentially nonmetallic coat-ing,
28、 on metal.ceramic colorantsee color oxide.ceramic inkan ink containing a ceramic pigment thatdevelops its color on firing. Also known as stamping,screening, or printing ink.ceramic-metal coatinga mixture of one or more ceramicmaterials in combination with a metallic phase applied to ametallic substr
29、ate which may or may not require heattreatment prior to service. This term may also be used forcoatings applied to nonmetallic substrates, for example,graphite.cermet coatingsee ceramic-metal coating.chalkboard enamela special type of mat porcelain enamelused to provide a writing surface for chalk.c
30、halky or chalkedthe condition of a porcelain enameledsurface that has lost its natural gloss and become powdery.charge decayloss of charge on the deposited powder due toelectrical leakage.charge decay rateloss of charge per unit of time.charge retentionthe ability of an electrically charged layerto
31、retain its initial charge.charge to mass ratioratio of the charge on a powderexpressed in coulombs to the mass of the powder expressedin kilograms.chippingfracturing and breaking away of fragments of aC286 99 (2009)2porcelain enameled surface.cleanabilitythe relative ease with which soils or stains
32、canbe removed from a material.NOTE 7See Test Method C756.cleanera solution, usually alkaline, used to remove oil,grease, drawing compounds, and loose dirt from metal as astep in preparing the surface for porcelain enameling.clear frita frit that remains essentially transparent or non-opaque when pro
33、cessed into a porcelain enamel.coatingsee ceramic coating and ceramic-metal coating.coefficient of scatterthe rate of increase of reflectance withthickness at infinitesimal thickness of porcelain enamel overan ideally black backing.NOTE 8See Test Method C347.cold-rolled steela low-carbon, cold-reduc
34、ed and annealedsheet steel.color oxidea material used to impart color to a porcelainenamel.colored frita frit containing a colorant in order to produce astrong color in the porcelain b-rack(1) a burning tool shaped like a comb used forsupporting ware during firing.(2) A comb-like tool for supporting
35、 ware during the metalpickling ebackthe time required for a box furnace to return totemperature after the introduction of a load of ware.cone-screen testa method for testing fineness of enamelwith a cone-shaped sieve. (see also screen test)consistencythe properties of a slip that control its drainin
36、g,flowing, and spraying behavior.continuity of coatingthe degree to which a porcelain enamelor ceramic coating is free of defects, such as bare spots,boiling, blisters or copperheads, that could reduce its pro-tective properties.NOTE 9See Test Method C743.continuous cleaning (coating)a term describi
37、ng a type ofporcelain enamel designed to provide the continuous re-moval, at normal use temperatures, of food soils accumu-lated on the interior surfaces of ovens.continuous furnacea furnace into which ware is fed con-tinuously and through which it progresses during firing.continuous smeltera type o
38、f smelter into which the raw mixis fed continuously and from which the molten product isdischarged continuously.contrast ratiothe ratio of the reflectance of a coating overblack backing to its reflectance over a backing of reflectanceof 0.80 (80 percent).NOTE 10See Test Method C347.cooling zonethat
39、part of the continuous furnace in which theware is allowed to cool after firing.copper enamela porcelain enamel specifically designed forapplication to copper.copperheada defect occurring in sheet metal ground coatthat appears as a small freckle or pimple-like spot, reddishbrown in color.cover coata
40、 porcelain enamel finish applied and fused overa ground coat or direct to the metal substrate.covering powerthe degree to which a porcelain enamelcoating obscures the underlying surface.crackinga defect in the bisque consisting of fractures orseparations.crackleda mottled textural effect in a wet pr
41、ocess porcelainenamel resembling a wrinkled surface.crawlinga defect in the porcelain enamel appearing asagglomerates or irregularly shaped islands.craze, crazinga defect appearing as one or more fine cracksin the porcelain enamel.crinkleda textural effect in a porcelain enamel surfacehaving the app
42、earance of fine wrinkles or ridges.crossbend testa test in which fired or bisque porcelainenamel panels are progressively distorted by bending todetermine the resistance of the coating to cracking.cup guna spray gun with a fluid container as an integral part.cuppingthe pouring of slip over areas of
43、a part duringdraining to produce uniform application.curlinga defect similar to crawling.curtainsa defect in sheet steel ground coatings characterizedby a draped pattern of darkened areas that are sometimesblistered. May also appear in cover coats applied over theground coat or direct-on.decarburize
44、d enameling steela special type of steel sheet ofextremely low carbon content, suitable for porcelain enamelcover coat application direct to the metal (Type I ofSpecification A424).decarburized steel see decarburized enameling steel.deckingthe multiple layer loading of ware for firing.de-enamelingth
45、e removal of porcelain enamel from the basemetal.deflocculatingthe thinning of the consistency of a slip byadding a suitable electrolyte.delayed fishscalinga fishscaling defect that occurs after thefinal porcelain enamel processing (see also fishscaling).devitrificationa surface defect manifested by
46、 loss of gloss asa result of crystallization.dimplea shallow depression in the porcelain enamel, some-times a defect.dippingthe process of coating a metal shape by immersionin slip, removal, and draining. In dry process enameling, themethod of coating by immersing the heated metal shape fora short t
47、ime in powdered frit.dipping weightsee pick-up.direct firea method of maturing porcelain enamel whereinthe products of combustion come in contact with the ware.direct-onsee cover coat.double draininga defect evidenced by flowing of the slip onthe ware, which occurs after it appears that draining has
48、 beencompleted.double-face wareware that has a finish coat on bothsurfaces.C286 99 (2009)3drainingthe part of the dipping or flowcoating process inwhich the excess slip flows from suitably positioned ware.drain linea nonuniform thickness of coating appearing as aline or streak in dipped or flow-coat
49、ed ware.drain timetime required for porcelain enamel slip appliedby dipping, slushing, or flow coating to complete movementacross the surfaces of a coated part.dredge, dredgingin dry process enameling, (1) the applica-tion of dry, powdered frit to hot ware by sifting.(2) The sieve used to apply powdered porcelain enamelfrit to the ware.drying cracka defect characterized by a fissure in thebisque.dry millingthe grinding of porcelain enamel
